What Is The Role Of Engineers?

What Is The Role Of Engineers? Through the last few decades the physical growth of population has become one of the worlds highest environmental threats. This growth has created remarkable demands for land, transportation, energy, water, sanitation, etc., and marked the different areas or fields where engineers are working. As a result, todays engineers in both developed and developing countries must to adopt a new holistic approach toward natural and social systems (Amadei 2004). Which means switch the controlling nature approach for cooperating nature approach; through sustainable development in practice. Engineers, people that design professional solutions for social issues, are playing a vital role in the construction of modern societies, although the ways as they overcome and approach these depend largely on the socioeconomic conditions which vary significantly. This essay will discuss the role of engineers in developing nations and analyse water supply sanitation and energy as two of the most significant ar eas affected by their decision-making. Role of engineering General Perspective The role of engineering has suffered many changes over the last few decades, although its concept which is based on trial and error has remained an essential element of the scientific-technological method; where social, environmental and human factors define the most suitable solution to manage a particular issue. Thus, engineers role is continuing reshaped according to the new challenges and necessities implicated by specialized disciplines on particular areas of technology (civil, chemical, agricultural, etc.). (UNESCO 2010, p. 24) Contemporary Perspective and sustainable development Unlike the 20th century where the engineering era seemed to have unlimited natural sources, todays century is facing serious problems that are putting enormous pressure on the environment (Azapagic, Perdan Clift 2004, pp. 3-5). Therefore, todays engineers besides the basic technical and scientific knowledge of the engineering discipline, they also have to contribute and promote sustainable development that meets todays necessities without affecting adversely the capability of upcoming generations to meet up their own necessitates. This new role of engineering, demands new practices based on social-environmental factors rather than just business goals. Impact of engineering on society The history shows numerous examples in which engineers performance has widely influenced among communities. Quality of life, economic wealth and good infrastructure for instance, are one of the most relevant and common indicators of their weight on society. As (UNESCO 2010, p. 40) have stated, by 2025, the worlds population will have increased from 1.5 billion to 6.6 billion approximately and the percentage of migration to urban areas will rise from 40 per cent to 60 per cent. This information shows that urbanization rates will boost dramatically. Subsequently engineers have the responsibility to make effective and sustainable solutions as an integrated approach without generate negative impacts, which is known as engineering social responsibility. Ethical side of engineering In general terms, engineerings ethics is directly related with engineering responsibilities regulated by standards codes which act according to several situations. The objective of the ethical factor in engineering rather than just fixed up rules, is drawing solutions with reflexion of particular situations fixed into prior principles. On this basis, at the time of making decisions, engineers should take into account the following points: sustainable development, protection of the public-environment, faithful agent of stakeholders related with objectivity, competence-knowledge, fairness and justice, integrity in the workplace (dedication and service), and professional accountability- leadership. (UNESCO 2010, p. 190) Engineers in Developing Countries As in developed nations, engineers must work within the social, economic and environmental context in order to guarantee real sustainable development for the whole world (Parsons 1996, p. 170). Social responsibilities such as water supply, sanitation, food, energy and environmental protection are the same in developing countries. The difference resides on the socio-economic factors which are directly influenced by peoples behaviour, governments positions and development priorities. Engineering skills and ethics in Developing nations As is described in the section A.1 and A.3, competences and principles of engineers in developing countries remain the same as standardized characteristics. The great challenge for them is in fact, to develop realistic projects on time to particular communities and technology available (Parsons 1996, p. 170). In fact, environmental issues, often take less importance because there are others which have more relevant social impact, oil explorations for instance. Successful and failed projects The successful and failed projects in developing countries depends much on the capability of engineers to undertake projects with a clear understanding of the objectives, reliable assessment of resources availability, business, and technical requirements and effective communication among stakeholders. The ability to implement accurately these facts will bring up useful and applicable alternatives to address real issues. By contrast, lack of attention to the social-economic context, ethics codes, unrealistic expectations, underestimated time, quality and cost will bring poor outcomes. (Parsons 1996, pp. 171,172) Relationship between technology and socioeconomic factor The use of high-technology does not guarantee a successful project or accurate solutions. In order to achieve good results, engineers must be able to make a balance between use of technology and socioeconomic attributes. Parsons (1996) points out that the appropriated selection of technology will determine not only projects success also its viability. As a result, there are four points to choose appropriated technology according to socioeconomic factors: it must be conceptual and physically compatible with operators, spare parts and equipment must be available in the influenced area, project funding must be commensurate with its budget, and the technology must be compatible with the physical environment where it will be used. This model leads to concluded that the relationship between technology and socieconomic factor is very narrow, it must fit users and needs as well as must be designed to improve quality life. Engineering Areas Environmental trends that are shaping new engineers Brief mention of important events that encourage environmental view on engineering World population, followed by climate change are considered the two main factors that are shaping new engineers with environmental approach. During the last half of the 21th century; world population increased from 2.5 billion to 6 billion especially in less economically developed countries, this trend is expected to peak at 9.3 billion by 2050 (United Nations 2012). In addition, overpopulation also has been linked with higher demands of natural resources (water, cropland, forest), shanty settlements, transportation-infrastructure deficits etc. Another important event that is making an environmental approach is the fact that the current global economic is based on productivity, which has brought several impacts associated with greenhouse gases, waste product of fossil fuels and air pollution. Climate change is certainly the result of all these elements at an abnormal rate. Thus, the world has changed its development approach to sustainable development (Brown, Rener Halweil 2000). He nce, most of professional corporations have incorporated sustainable development into their aim statements and codes. New model of learning and practice To confront the global challenges that the earth are facing today, engineering education has incorporated the concept of sustainability into all engineering fields. This means, that professional are expected to make reliable decisions that improve quality of life as well as reducing negative impacts on environment and levels of consumption, and planning their actions according to socio-economic factors and technology available. Consequently, the process of learning and practice has been adjusted by a model of education more realistic-practical. Where students throughout workshops are learning and building knowledge in real situations, as well as has created in them greater environmental responsibility. (Amadei 2004). Sustainability and transformation As explain Azapagic, Perdan Clift (2004), there are certainly three constrains that built the concept of sustainability. Techno-centric concerns, which represent human expertise, ingenuity and economic systems, Eco-centric concerns related with natural resources and ecological capability and socio-centric concern based on human and social expectations. The Techno-centric concerns, has been traditionally used in the process of education in engineering, the responsibility of todays engineers is to include in equal proportion or balance all three constraints to achieve a sustainable development. Which ultimately is seeking for human wellbeing, in other words satisfying human needs, improving quality of life in an eco-friendly way. Water Supply and Sanitation Developing Nations background UNESCO (2010) states that water supply is one of the most serious problems facing by developing nations, in India for instance, 85% of the urban population has access to drinking water, but only 20% of the of this meets the health-quality standards set by World Health Organization. Additionally, the daily rate of water supply often is very low and depends on economic factors and location. The situation on sanitation is even worse; often sanitation has lower priority than water supply. It has estimated that 2.6 billion people do not have properly or existing sanitation system in developing countries. Another issue related with sanitation is in fact that wastewater and solid waste collection services; and stormwater drainage are inadequate. Littering directly to open areas for instance, has created environmental impacts on surface and ground water resources being more dramatic in areas such as shanty towns. Engineering Challenges Engineers approach The traditionally treatment of water supply and sanitation management is considered now as a standard procedure. Which has several treatments according to the water physicochemical characteristics, technology available and environmental regulations. Although, it is by no means certain that this procedure has been the best. Indeed, 95% of the wastewater in the world has been discharged to the environment without treatment (Montgomery Elimelech 2007). Hence, Beside new regulations and codes, todays engineers rather that replicate solutions from developed countries to developing countries, they will have to meet basic needs of all communities for water and sanitation and work as facilitators of sustainability approach within context institutional, social, political, economic, environmental and technological. Thereby, the issue of water and sanitation in developing countries will be overcame or at least reduced. For example, cleaner production can be an expensive solution, however it is really depends on numerous conditions linked with the population objet, such as natural resources, requirements and social class. Energy Developing Nations background In the next few decades, the pressure on energy services will increase considerably in developing nations. It is predicted that energy consumption worldwide will increase about 30% from 2007 to 2030 and most of that growth will be came from developing nations. As a result, the intergovernmental panel climate change (2007) point out that these energy issues will be addressed through cost-effective energy programs based on the reduction of fossil fuel use; implementations of ecofriendly technologies and renewable energy in housing, transportation and industrial sectors and finally the reduction of life-cycle cost, this related with all expenses in the design, construction, operation and maintenance of a particular project. (Liu, Meyer Hogan 2010, pp. 35,36). Todays modern development demands serious energetic programs that fix up both economic development and sustainable development based on the rational use of natural resources. Engineering Challenges and approach in developing Nations. Worldwide experiences have showed that the replacement of non-renewable to renewable energy seems to be more expensive and moreover, information about renewable technologies is inadequate or unreachable. For that reason, the common commitment for engineers on energy solutions is provide better alternatives in terms of sustainability and development. Adoption and design of new technologies, regulations, engineering supervision within national strategies, continues updating, provide advice of energy requirements, etc., will be the common areas where engineers role will be crucial for environmental energy development in the less economically developed nations. (UNESCO 2010, p. 288). Levine’s Conservation Model Theory: Case Study Levine’s Conservation Model Theory: Case Study According to Rafieian-Kopaei, Setorisi, Doudi, Baradaran, Nasri (2014) atherosclerosis is a result of hyperlipidemia and oxidation, and it has been a principal factor of mortality in developed countries. Atherosclerosis is a common disease where fatty deposits called atheromatuos plaques develop in the inner layers of arteries. This process begins with a deposition of small cholesterol crystals in the intima, so the plaque grows, and inflammation process develops in the same time, which results in the fibrous tissues development. As a result this process, clot formation and thrombosis are developed, which conclude in blood obstruction and consequently in heart deficit and other factors dependent of the place where it is affected. In the same aspects, Strain, Hughes, Mayet, Wright, Kooner, Chaturvedi, Shore (2013) had described that some consequences related to atherosclerosis such as hypertension and ischemic heart disease, so these are two main disease, which can be developed in t he process of atherosclerosis. Besides, Levine (1973) in her nursing theory has introduced the theory of conservation model where holism is a key factor in the process to care and manage a client. Throughout the course of this paper, I will describe a client’s history, a concise introduction about the Conservation Model theory, the application of this nursing theory for the client, and a response plan with a chronic care model, which can be applied for this client. Firstly, the client’s history is necessary to know and understand, so the caregiver and health professional can develop methods, which facilitate the life this person. The patient V.D has described part of his history in the following information. Mr. D., 47 years old, married, has not concluded elementary school, is atheist, and is a farmer. In his family history, he described that his parents had died because of heart complications, but he did not know the exact cause. Mr. D. had been submitted to stent implantation where exams had proved the diagnoses of coronary artery disease. After six months, he was submitted to bypass surgery. Even though a focus hemorrhagic had developed, Mr. D. was resubmitted to another intervention surgery, in the same day, to control this hemorrhagic area. Also, before the discharge, Mr. D. has received simple explanations about how to proceed in the recovery time; these explanations were about medication (teaching correct administration time and dose), caring about the dressing in the surgical site, and orientation to return to visit the physician in 60 days to have a revaluation about the general recovery and surgical site. The general knowledge to have adaptation was provided by Mr. D.’s family and friends, whom tried to provide better quality of life in this crucial moment of recovery and adaption for a new life style. In addition, some key chronicity concepts can be understood in the client’s history. Related to Kramer-Kile, Osuji, Larsen, Lubkin, (2014) these chronicity concepts are: 1- illness experience, Mr. D. was diagnosed with atherosclerosis a short period before to be submitted to surgery, so he had develop d method to adapt to symptoms of this disease when he was developing his daily activities; 2- stigma, it is related to the cultural background and level of education, so Mr. D. has restriction in his level of education so that it can promote an increase in the level of stigma; 3- adaptation and quality of life, during and after recovery, it promotes a drastic process to adapt in this new style of life because Mr. D. has experienced a new process (illness) in his life and his job (farmer) must be substituted, so he could have a adequate adaptation and quality of life; 4- sexuality, Mr. D has a cardiac disease and did a bypass surgery, so it must have affected his sexual activity; and, 5- self-care, as a farmer and has cardiac disease, Mr. D. must control his activities to provide better care and management for his life because the opposite side it develops worse affects. In fact, chronic concepts are present in all process of the illness, so it needs to adequate for the person. Likewise, nursing theories are used to promote better care and the same time knowledge about the general process to manage the quality of life. As a result, the theory Conservation Model by Myra Levine describes the conservation model, which was originally a framework to teach undergraduate nursing student (Levine, 1973). The three major concepts for the conservation model are: first, conservation, which is maintaining together of the life system (balance between nursing interventions and client participation). Second, adaptation, which means an ongoing process of change, but the individual keeps his/her integrity within realities of his/her environment. Third, wholeness is existent when interactions or constant adaptations to the environment permit assurance of integrity (Alligood, 2010). This theory has conservational principles as energy conservation, structural integrity, personal integrity, and social integrity (Levine, 1973). Still, in this theory, the metaparadigm concepts are the person, environment, health, and nursing. People are holistic beings who are sensitive, thinking, future-oriented, and cognizant. Though, people are in constant interaction with the environment, responding to change in an orderly, sequential pattern, adapting to forces that form and reform their essence. In fact, the goal of client care is promotion of adaptation and well-being (Alligood, 2010). These factors are reinforced by Levine (1973) that the process of client understanding his/her plan of care and diagnosis is vital. This theory reinforces the importance of the nurse holistic view during the nursing process to make a plan for the client. Then, the Conservation Model Theory is applicable for Mr. D. in his process of disease and illness, so a nursing theory is applied to promote better process of care and quality of life. According to Alligood (2010) the Levine’s Conservation Model is applied in three main areas such as conservation, adaptation, and wholeness. In the aspect referent to conservation describes the conservation of energy, so Mr.D. must have restriction in his life to keep adequate levels of energy although he continues doing daily activities. For example, he is a farmer, so he needs to understand that some activities in the farming he cannot do because it will require high levels of activities. If he stops doing activities, he has a possibility to develop other factors, which decrease his quality of life. Also, farming requires different activities with lot of energy, but it is not a factor to leave these activities. A management in the process to work can be favorable, and working in small process es results in the job concluded and the body in action. In addition, the adaptation is a rouge aspect present after the surgery, so it requires time and motivation from the client. In this process client, family, first caregiver, and health professional are involved in this process of adjustment. Though nurses have a crucial function for the client, which is teaching and doing management to provide better quality of life. Kramer-Kile et al (2014) emphasise the psychological and social result of chronic diseases require significant adaptations from the client. Consequently, Mr. D. has significant changes in his life such as alimentation, medication regimen, and daily activities (working). Through alimentation is not considered an important factor for some society, it has a key for the prevention and promotion of atherosclerosis. The unhealthy diet where has food with high quantity of saturated and fats, cholesterol levels, sodium and sugar can increase development of atherosclerosis. The unhealthy blood cholesterol and lipoproteins levels promote an increase in the atheroma, so the process of occlusion of lumen is increased; triglycerides is other factor to increase the occurrence of atherosclerosis. Also, overweight or obesity contributes extremely in this process because the level of exercises is totally reduced and weight gain is increased. Rafieian-Kopaei et al (2014) Mr.D. must need an adaptation in the alimentation where alimentary factors can be controlled and managed to develop a health alimentation. Moreover, the medication regimen and daily activities develop a reorganization in the routine. In the medication regimen a different types of medications are necessary to be taken, so a correct management of drug is necessary, so drug interaction will not result. Side effects can occur, so as a nurse must teaching the client about this process and emphasize for the client continuing the medication although he has this process. Even though medication regimen is prescribed by the doctor, nurse needs to verify if the patient understood and/or is taking correct. Furthermore, daily activities must be reformulated because Mr. D. cannot continue doing high levels of effort. Hence, client, family, and health professional must work together to develop an adequate management, which provides easily and comfortable adaptation. Still, wholeness is a part of all these processes because the client and environment interactions to provide changes occurs in the same time that adaptation and conservation. The process of interaction with the environment is crucial whenever the human being interact with the environment and contrariwise, so both sides receive affects to increase or decrease life. As a result, conservation of energy and adaptation work in the same time with wholeness, and the quality of interaction must be satisfactory for client. In the nursing process – assessment – the nurse and client will analyze challenges in the client’s environment and methods to be adequate in this system. Some aspects are necessary to observe in this process such as energy conservation (balance between energy supply and demand), structural integrity (the system defense of the body), personal integrity (client’s dignity and personhood), and social integrity (client’s involvement in the society or his community) (Alligood, 2010). Instead, in this process of assessment, the word holism is a fundamental definition in the general process to assess the client. As a result, looking for a short-long future some challenges can be observed, so it has great opportunity to change and develop other managements (Levine, 1973). Another example in the Mr. D. progress of illness is that his disease can be linked by genetic factor because as a described his parents had cardiac problems. Thus, his offspring has an inc rease possibility to develop cardiac problems in the life progress although it can be controlled by intervention such as educational factors, alimentation, exercises, and level of stress. Shalhoub, Sikkel, Davies, Vorkas, Want, Davies (2014) reinforce in a research about biologic factors of atherosclerosis that a person who has someone in the family (first lineage) has a genetic risk factors for susceptibility to develop atherosclerosis. Although a variant in the genetic and environmental factors can be present, genetic is an important factor-development to be considered. Likewise, Mr. D. needs to have orientation for other cardiac diseases, which develop in response of a first disease. In this progress, hypertension is a factor to be considered, so prevention and promotion are the basis in this progress. An adequate quantity of sodium by day is necessary, so teaching and explanation about it needs to be done (Rafieian-Kopaei et al, 2014). Consequently, a holistic view is necessary to understand the progress of disease and illness, so management in prevention and promotion are developed in conjunct with health professional and client. Another process in the theory is hypotheses, more specific goals, the nurse seeks validation with the patient about his/her problem, so the nurse hypothesizes about the problem and its solution, which means the plan of care for the patient (Alligood, 2010). In order that, Mr. D. has some hypotheses for his situation such as risk for infection, deficit of knowledge in his process of care (post-surgical), inadequate cardiac output, acute pain, and, risk for compromised resilience (Ackley Ladwig, 2014).After hypothesize client’s factors, it is necessary to develop intervention, which can develop to acquire the goals settled. The interventions are hypothesis to direct care the client. It is based on the conservation principles: conservation of energy, structural integrity, personal integrity, and social integrity; the goal is to maintain wholeness and promote adjustment for the client (Alligood, 2010). In this case, Mr. D. has broad interventions in his case, which begins in the self-care to social involvement. The surgical wound he needs to have information about how caring it. The nurse needs to teach about cleaning and changing dressing though some indications of infections in the surgical wound, so he can contact his doctor and/or nurse to verify this process. Medications to control and relieve pain are necessary to know, so teaching about it is fundamental. Although he has different type of cardiac medications, he needs to know all of them besides analgesics and nitroglycerine drug for angina if he develops coronary spam. Nevertheless, nurse helps in develop plans for the process of adaptation, which must be approved and oriented by Mr. D. This time for adaptation involves his recovery and after that for the process working in the daily routine. In the same time, he needs to be taught by the nurse about his disease and process of illness, so as much information (knowledge) he has, more easily the process of acceptance occurs. This explanation does not need to be said only one time, but in the different consults, which are reserved for him. Consequently, in the process to teach and manage his adaptation, working restriction must be considered because he is a farm, so a rouge part of his job needs to be revised provided that small portion of exertion. Thus, a holistic view for the mental process needs to be evaluated because in the process of adaptation a decrease in the level of self-esteem occurs although it can develop mental disorder such as depression. Mr. D. has an increase factor in this part sin ce he is a farmer, so restriction in the working routine facilitates this occurrence. Controlling it, community support (friends) is one method helping in his farm, so he has his job done with some help and regulating anxiety and other mental circumstance. Therefore, intervention is a primordial aspect in the process to care the patient, so it needs to have a holistic view to promote better quality of life not only for the client as well for his family. The last process in the Levine’s nursing process is the evaluation. The evaluation refers to the observation of organism (client) response to interventions. In the decision making assess the hypothesis to verify if it has done a support for the hypothesis or not. If the plan has not supported by the hypothesis, it is revised and proposed a new hypothesis to be applied (Alligood, 2010). Mr.D. and his nurse will evaluate his intervention knowing the quality of it, so modification and revisions may be necessary to do to provide better care in his process of life. Otherwise, all the process to adapt and provide health care is lost. Hence, evaluation is extremely necessary, and nurses must do it in every single client, as much it can be necessary. Finally, an action plan with a model of care is applied for Mr.D. The model of care more appropriate is the Expanded Chronic Care Model (ECCM), which has expand the focus of chronic care management toward health outcomes for client and community. This model expands the client to community a large view in the process of care, and support in all directions is provided to guaranty adequate quality of life (Kramer-Kile et al, 2014). The plan of care for Mr. D. some aspects to provide care and adjustment in his life are emphasize. Fist, teaching he and his family (first caregiver) about how to care and change the dressing in the surgical incision, and provide a nurse (in his community) to check weekly in his house if the surgical incision has been cared correct so as his process of adaptation is been accepted. Second, teaching about the illness and illness course, and it provides a focus in some chronic concepts such as sexuality, adaptation, isolation, stigma, and cultural. Also, provide support to understand and accept these concepts are essential. Then, involvement in community is necessary, so it avoids social isolation and increase self-esteem. Friend’s support is necessary, and they may help in the farm working, so Mr. D. could reduce psychological pressure because of the job. Fourth, psychological evaluation can determine if it is necessary to use antidepressant drug because a rouge change in his life has occurred. If necessary this type of drug, he needs orientation how to use and side effects that it can cause. Still, teaching about cardiac medication is significant, so it reinforces the management the correct time to take and side effects, which may be possible to occur. Fifth, cultural aspect about incapable may develop because he began to be restricted in his job. A support comprehension, which describes that he is capable to continue his activities, is decisive, so he is capable to do activities although some restrictions such as avoid high level of effort are necessary restriction. Sixth, body image is anothe r factor present because scar of the surgery will be present for the rest of his life, so understanding how to accept this aspect in his body is crucial for the quality of life. Last, family support in the process to accept the disease and provide adequate adaptation is required. Nurse may provide sources for his family to understand and know how to manage this illness in order that Mr. D. has more acceptance and provides involvement in his family in the process to care him. Indeed, the nurse and client develop action plan, so both must have agreements, which provides better care and process of adaptation. A revaluation these plans are indispensable, so adding or taking off part this may result. In brief, in the following paper was described Mr. D’s story, some chronic concepts, which are related with his history, a succinct nursing theory description, which was Levine’s theory, the application the Levine’s conservation model theory for Mr. D., and action plans with a chronic care model may be applied for Mr. D. I have written this paper based in Mr. D., who is my father, and I thank him to have been given all this experiences for me in the process to care and manage his chronic illness. It is not easily to accept a new situation in the life and beginning to have adaptations in the inspected period of the life, so every chronic disease and illness are difficult to manage if the family and client do not have correct support to confront it. As a result, nurses need to have as much as knowledge possible doing research and applying nursing theories to provide better care and support for their clients and client’s family.

The God of Small Things Book Analysis

The God of Small Things Book Analysis Character: Esthappen, referred to as Estha, and Rahel are twins. Both are innocent children who are still learning their manners. When they grow up and separate, Rahel moves to America and gets married, and Estha leaves to go with Babu, their father who has left them. When he returns to Ayemenem, Rahel also returns because they have a special bond. Their mother is referred to as Ammu. She raises her children well with structure. Ammu has an affair with Velutha, an untouchable, getting her banished from her home.Velutha is a servant in the Ayemenem home, aand the twins grow to admire him. Mammachi is the twins’ grandmother; she does not talk much, but often plays the violin. She is married to Pappachi, and he physically abuses Mammachi with a vase until Chacko, their son, tells him to stop. Chacko is the twins’ uncle. His ex-wife Margaret is British, and they have a daughter named Sophie Mol. Margaret Kochamma and Sophie Mol move to Ayemenem when Joe, Sophie Mol’s stepfather, passes away in London. Baby Kochamma is the twins’ grandaunt.She is very sneaky; for example, she accuses Velutha of raping Ammu, and forces Estha to tell the police that Velutha kidnapped the twins. Conflict: Many conflicts are presented in the book. One major conflict is the affair of Ammu with Velutha. Since he is an untouchable, he is not allowed to even come in contact with a touchable. Because of this affair, Ammu was banished from her own home and died early. Baby Kochamma accused Velutha of raping Ammu, but it was a lie only to protect their family image. Another conflict occurred during the death of Sophie Mol.Sophie Mol joined the twins on a boat when they were trying to escape because Ammu was angry at them. The boat flips, and Sophie Mol drowns in the river. Estha and Rahel are unconscious and wake up next to Velutha, who Baby Kochamma accuses Velutha of kidnapping the twins, and she forces Estha to tell this to t he police. Master Plot: One major master plot in the book is forbidden love. Velutha is loved by Ammu, and Estha and Rahel become attached to him later on. However, he is an untouchable servant so this love is forbidden. Because of this, Velutha is fired and Ammu is forced to leave her own home.Another master plot is discovery. Estha and Rahel discover how they family interacts and how certain actions affect the relationships between family members. Another master plot is maturation. This book shows how the twins start off as innocent and naive children, but through experiences, such as Estha with the Orangedrink Lemondrink man, they become more mature as they become adults. Archetype: One archetype that appears in this book is the mother. Ammu has to raise Estha and Rahel on her own because their Babu left them. She is motherly in teaching them manners and being polite in public.She also employs the father archetype. She has the highest authority over the twins and is powerful over them. The self is also sound in this book because Estha and Rahel are basically parts of a whole. They unconsciously think alike and have similar personalities. The trickster in this book is Baby Kochamma. She is deceiving because she forced Estha to tell the police that Velutha kidnapped the twins, in order to make her statement valid and avoid her own persecution for lying to the police. She also accuses Velutha of raping Ammu when they were actually in a secret love affair.Theme: One theme portrayed in this book is tensions between social classes. The book mentions several times where Touchables and Untouchables are not allowed to interact with each other because Touchables are superior. Rahel and Estha’s family have a higher status than others because they own the pickle company, so they did not interact with poorer people in the book. Estha and Rahel are not allowed to interact with Velutha, but they try to do so anyways. Another theme is betrayal. Chacko is betrayed by Margaret Kochamma, his ex-wife, who does not care about him anymore.The man selling drinks at the theatre betrays Estha. Tone & Irony: Roy writes in various tones. She writes in a sorry tone when describing moments of betrayal and family problems. When writing about the childhood of the twins, she sounds happier because of their innocence. An example of irony is that Comrade Pillai is a communist but does not want Velutha to join the revolution just because he is an untouchable. A revolutionary leader would want all the support he can get, but because Velutha is inferior, he does not accept him.Setting & Location: The book is mainly set in Ayemenem, India during the 1960s. Most of the plot occurs in the Ayemenem House, which is also the Paradise Pickles & Preserves factory they own. Another setting includes the movie theatre called Abhilash Talkies in the city of Kerala when the family goes to watch The Sound of Music. Another setting is in the airport when the family picks up Soph ie Mol and Margaret Kochamma. Writer’s Style: Arundhati Roy’s style is very different from others. She writes with great detail and incorporates deep imagery.She writes in flashbacks to show how the twins’ childhoods still affect them as adults. She begins with the family’s lives when they are older, and go back to when the twins were children. This helps readers know what happens to the family before finding out about the events that occur in between. Symbols: Pappachi’s moth symbolizes fear. It is first mentioned in chapter 2 when Pappachi discovers a new moth species, but does not claim that he discovered it. This moth appears when Ammu is angry at Rahel for talking back to her.It also appears when Rahel realizes that Sophie Mol died by drowning in the river. Another symbol is the toy watch that Rahel wears. It does not function but has a time painted on it. This shows that the tragic events that occurred during the twins’ childhood are f rozen and cannot be changed. These events affected the entire family until the twins’ adulthood. Summary: The book begins when the Rahel finds out that Estha has returned to Ayemenem, so she returns there as well. A flashback then occurs, and the family is at the funeral of Sophie Mol; the twins are seven years old at this time.Rahel does not understand that Sophie Mol is dead, and believes she is about to be buried alive. The entire family ignores Estha and Rahel throughout the entire funeral. The story fast forwards and Rahel visits their old home in Ayemenem, and Paradise Pickles & Preserves. It is also mentioned how the death of Sophie Mol affected the relationships in their family. Then another flashback occurs, and the family goes to Cochin airport to pick up Sophie Mol and Margaret Kochamma. Before going to the airport, they go to the movies to see The Sound of Music.Here at the theatre, Estha cannot help but sing during the movie so he leaves and goes to the lobby. He re, an Orangedrink Lemondrink Man molests him, and this event haunts him forever. After the movie is over, they stay at a hotel. The next day, they pick up Sophie Mol and Margaret Kochamma from the airport. The twins are rude in greeting them, and Ammu becomes mad at them. The story fast forwards and Rahel meets Comrade Pillai. He shows her a picture of the twins with Sophie Mol before her death. The story flashes back to when the family is leaving the airport to go home.The story is fast forwarded again to when Ammu passes away during work. She is cremated, and Chako and Rahel bring her to the crematorium. Estha is not with them, and a letter is sent to him informing him of Ammus’ death. There is another flashback and Sophie Mol has a welcome party. Rahel begins to bond with Velutha, and Ammu notices him and becomes attracted to him. Estha is not at the party, but he is in the factory. They find an old boat, and row to Velutha. He promises to fix the old boat. It is fast for warded to the present, and Estha and Rahel meet in a temple.It is flashbacked to Chacko and Margaret Kochamma’s wedding, and this wedding does not last. Margaret divorces Chacko and marries Joe, who dies later on. His death is what made Margaret Kochamma and Sophie Mol move to Ayemenem. Sophie Mol’s death is finally described. Baby Kochamma keeps Ammu locked up in her room in order to accuse Velutha of raping her. Velutha supports the communist movement, but Comrade Pillai, the leader of the movement, does not defend Velutha whatsoever. Velutha is banished, and Roy begins to refer to his as the â€Å"God of Small Things† because of Sophie Mol’s short death.Sophie joins the twins on their boat ride down the river. The boat flips over, and Sophie Mol drowns and dies. The twins are unconscious and wake up next to Velutha. Because of this, Baby Kochamma accuses him of kidnapping the twins and she forces Estha to tell the same to the police. After this, Estha leaves Ayamenem and lives with Babu. This affects Rahel because her other half is leaving her. In the present, they meet in Ayamenem again and make love. They continue to meet up at the riverbank and admire â€Å"the small things†, which are creatures that they see there.

Are Entrepreneurs Born or Made Critically Discuss Essay

Are entrepreneurs born or made? Critically discuss. The question of â€Å"Are entrepreneurs born or made?† has been an interrogative sentence for long as both confronting propositions are bolstered by sophisticated theories. Regardless of the perpetual fierce debate, my standpoint is that entrepreneurs are both born and made as these seemingly opposing ideologies are in fact coexisting with each other. This essay will attempt to critically discuss the authenticity of the above stance. The definition of â€Å"entrepreneurs† Entrepreneurs are defined as innovative people who conceptualize new ideas and take risks to transform ideas into entrepreneurial opportunities so to accomplish extraordinary achievements (Hatten, 1997; HoHolt, 1992).†¦show more content†¦and O’Cinneide, B., 1994); deservedly, one’s creativity crucial for opportunity recognition (Shane, 2000), is likely to be developed. The above paragraphs attempt to critically demonstrate that education can make individuals more entrepreneurial. Nevertheless, â€Å"born† or â€Å"made† are not being mutually exclusive in that â€Å"born† factors simultaneously contribute to entrepreneurs’ molding. The â€Å"born† factors for entrepreneurs A successful entrepreneur is someone able to foresee, evaluate and exploit opportunities to make profits (Bygrave and Hofer, 1991). Yet, this is an uncommonly-shared talent possessed by people as not everyone is capable to discover â€Å"disequilibrium profit opportunities† (Kaish and Gilad, 1991) since the crux of successful discovery of opportunities hinges on one’s â€Å"entrepreneurial alertness† (Kirzner, 1973), which is the ability to spot and innovate opportunities (Kirzner,1973). In hopes of evaluating what constitute entrepreneurs, it is pivotal to critically appraise the constituents of â€Å"entrepreneurial alertness† (Kirzner, 1973) as it is this which makes up the entrepreneurs’ intrinsic nature. The constituents of â€Å"entrepreneurial alertness† First and foremost, the possession of â€Å"creativity† is the presupposition of â€Å"entrepreneurial alertness† (Kirzner, 1973) insomuch that â€Å"creativity†Show MoreRelatedAre Entrepreneurs Born or Made1104 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Are entrepreneurs born or made? Critically discuss. Introduction An entrepreneur is a person who sets up a business by taking on financial risks in hope to make a profit. The word entrepreneur stems from the French word entreprendrà © which means to undertake . A couple of examples are Lord Alan Sugar and Bill Gates. Lord Sugar is an entrepreneur worth  £800 million. He started by selling car aerials out of a van, he then set up his company, Amstrad which sold affordable hi-fi turntable coversRead MoreArguments For And Against Argument For A Small Business Is Too Risky Or Can Anyone Do It?1783 Words   |  8 Pagesthis essay is to critically discuss 2 debate topics using both opposing sides, for and against, in order to create an academic argument for each topic. Debate 1 will argue the points of â€Å"Starting a small business is too risky or can anyone do it?† will be supported with references of journals and articles. Debate 2 will analyse the for and against argument for the topic of â€Å"To fail to plan is to plan to fail: you must plan† where academic articles will be used to back up each point made to for each sideRead MoreEnterprenuer Notes6114 Words   |  25 Pagesonline advertising E) earning an affiliate fee for gift card purchases that originate from its site Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 3 Topic: Introduction to Entrepreneurship AACSB: Reflective Thinking Objective: Describe the role of entrepreneurs and small business 2) Which of the following was not a contributing factor to GiftZips early success? A) It was becoming increasingly affordable to launch an online business. 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Fayol’s part in definingRead MoreThe Entrepreneurial Mind-18021 Words   |  73 Pagesprocess approaches to the study of entrepreneurship To set forth a comprehensive definition of entrepreneurship To examine the entrepreneurial revolution taking place today To illustrate today’s entrepreneurial environment Entrepreneurs—Breakthrough Innovators Entrepreneurs are individuals who recognize opportunities where others see chaos, contradiction, and confusion. They are aggressive catalysts for change within the marketplace. They have been compared to Olympic athletes challenging themselvesRead MoreManagement and Rolls Access Code14663 Words   |  59 Pagesimportant contributions made by Frederick W. Taylor and Frank and Lillian Gilbreth. †¢ Explain how today’s managers use scientific management. General Administrative Theory †¢ Discuss Fayol’s contributions to management theory. †¢ Describe Max Weber’s contribution to management theory. †¢ Explain how today’s managers use general administrative theories of management. Quantitative Approach †¢ Explain what the quantitative approach has contributed to the field of management. †¢ Discuss how today’s managersRead MoreThe Perils And Pitfalls Of Leading Change Tma012865 Words   |  12 Pagesthe Brazilian fashion industry during the 1990s. Overall revenues, number of stores, and same-store sales were soaring. It was a golden age for the company. The last two decades had been fantastic retail industry in Brazil. Economy was stable that made middle and poor classes increase their consumption and discretionary products and services. Prado the leader of Clothes and Accessories Company was not only known for being a great mentor and catalyst of personal development, but also on the fast trackRead MoreIgnou Eso-11 Free Solved Assignment 20124877 Words   |  20 Pageshttp://www.IGNOU4U.Blogspot.com Tutor Marked Assignment (TMA) Programme Code: BDP Course Code: ESO-11 Assignment Code: ESO-11/ AST/TMA/2011-2012 Section – I Answer the following in about 500 words each. 1. Describe the major concerns of Sociology and discuss its nature and scope. 20 Solution: Sociology concentrated heavily on society and its major units and their dynamics. It has been striving to analyse the dynamics of the society in terms of organised patterns of social relations. Firstly, the majorRead MoreEssay about Coaching and Mentor9220 Words   |  37 Pagesfocuss. In modern business Sir Terry Leahy is recognized with being with this attribute that has made Tesco the force it is today . 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Observation And Interpretation Of Therapeutic Communication

On the first encounter, a nurse has the duty to foster a healthy and trusting relationship with their client. As a caregiver, the nurse must be able to differentiate between various communication techniques and implement those that are most useful to facilitate the client’s specific needs. Every individual one way or another has had the chance to socially communicate with others, in which a conversation is usually unplanned and spontaneous. Social communication is casual and does not require an obligation to the other person. However, not everyone has been exposed to the therapeutic communication process where one places emphasis on a planned interaction with a particular purpose. As explained by Potter Perry (2013), therapeutic communication involves techniques that promote the wellbeing of an individual through meticulous observation and interpretation of cues. Once cues are deciphered, the nurse can initiate and respond to the client and cultivate a healing relationship. Social interaction between nurse and client during nursing care is shared and reflects on the feelings of both parties. It is not necessary to have a meaning when socializing, but this type of communication can serve as a way to be on the same level with your patient. Social communication allows the patient to feel as though you are not just there to repair their physical condition. Levine ( 2014) explains the ability of a nurse to ask questions reveals interest and produces feelings of acceptanceShow MoreRelatedThe Principles Of Effective Communication1647 Words   |  7 Pagesnurse must first provide therapeutic communication effective enough to elicit such a response in her patient. There are both verbal and non-verbal components within the nurse-patient relationship. These components greatly influence how a nurse and patient will relate to each other and, ultimately, greatly influence the care that the patient receives. Introduction When discussing the principles of effective communication, also known as therapeutic communication, the Massachusetts DepartmentRead MoreEssay on Communication in the Healthcare Industry712 Words   |  3 PagesCommunication plays a vital role in the healthcare setting, as the relationship with the healthcare professional sets the tone of the care experience and has a powerful impact on patient satisfaction. It is â€Å"the shared process in which messages are sent and received between two or more people which are made up of a sender, receiver, and message in a particular context† (cite, date). This essay highlights the importance of, and some common barriers to, effective communication in the healthcare settingRead MoreTherapeutic Communication. 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Corporate Fraud - 975 Words

Corporate FraudÂ…when you hear those words the first, most recent incident, many think of is The Enron Scandal. This same scandal produced the Public Company Accounting Reform and Investor Protection Act of 2002. This much needed act created the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board under the Security Exchange Commission s supervision. This board sets accounting standards and investigates Certified Public Accountants and companies to ensure they are following the guidelines set forth. This board has also been given the authorization to fine, suspend and recommend criminal investigations in the event CPA s and their firms violate the standards. (Lindstrom) To understand the stringency of this Act is to recognize what brought it†¦show more content†¦(Lindstrom) Hopefully the congressional meetings and hearings will cause other potential Enron/Arthur Anderson-followers to choose the legal path of doing business. Observers believe that it was not so much that the executives opted to mishandle their company, but that the scandal went without notice for so long by those people and groups which are set in place to detect and prevent dealings such as this. Auditors, internal/external controls, government regulators, accountants, etc., all failed to recognize the deception. Because the government was somewhat at fault for this, it is hard to make a decision as a whole, if the government should be the one to regulate or oversee corporate finances. Obviously, by what was seen with Enron alone, no matter how many committees, boards, groups, or agencies are involved, there is always a way to get around the legal system. The government needs to revert back to regulating certain entities (such as utilities, petroleum, etc.) before tackling the entire corporate financial world. This would cut in half the amount of companies they would have to deal. Monopolization of industries gives the companies too much power. They can charge whatever price they want and the consumer has no right but to pay it. It is comforting to be able to choose which telephone company you want to use and also what car you want to purchase. Why shouldn t you be able to choose what gas company or electricShow MoreRelatedCorporate Fraud Is A Big Part Of The Fraud1967 Words   |  8 Pagesall forms of fraud. There are a vast amount of fraud types out in the world today that some of us may not have even realized yet. With the immense amount of fraud that is occurring, how could so many people get away with committing it? The answer is there is too much fraud occurring for anyone to look into the smaller fraudulent acts. There are specifically two types of frauds that occur that focus a lot on the business aspect, Corporate and small business fraud. Small business fraud tends to appearRead MoreThe Anatomy Of Corporate Fraud Essay845 Words   |  4 PagesArticle Critique #1 The first article researched was The Anatomy of Corporate Fraud: A comparative Analysis of High Profile American and European Corporate Scandals. The abstract discusses the analysis conducted on the three major American accounting scandals; Enron, WorldCom, and HealthSouth, and compares to the three major European accounting scandals; Parmalat, Royal Ahold, and Vivendi Universal. Bahram Soltani (2014), also discusses within the abstract the different areas reviewed regardingRead MoreFinancial Statement Fraud And Corporate Financial Fraud1310 Words   |  6 PagesFinancial Statement Fraud Background Financial statement fraud is one of the biggest types of fraud in today’s business world. The complexity and mechanism of financial statement fraud brought the attention of auditors and regulators. Financial scandals of Enron, WorldCom, Xerox, Tyco, Parmalat, Qwest, and Satam Computers increased the auditors’ responsibility in detecting and preventing fraudulent transactions. Corporate financial fraud had negative consequences for the market capitalization dueRead MoreFraud, Specifically Corporate Fraud, Is A Common Occurrence1080 Words   |  5 PagesFraud, specifically corporate fraud, is a common occurrence with a tremendous amount of precedent — stories of high-level corporate executives committing and encouraging fraud in the name of competition are constantly surfacing. A few of the more well-known perpetrators of fraud include Jordan Belfort, Michael Milken, and Bernie Madoff. Corporate fraud is often thought of as a shady, or unscrupulous, act committed by an ethically-challenged millionaire, with a tremendous appetite for money and powerRead MoreCorporate/Commercial Fraud Essay1172 Words   |  5 PagesCorporate/Commercial Fraud The Royal Canadian Mounted Police [RCMP] classifies corporate fraud into two different categories: fraud by a company and fraud against a company (para. 5). The RCMP explains fraud against a company can happen through â€Å"misappropriation of corporate assets by a company senior officer or by staff† (para. 5). Employees defraud companies with methods such as â€Å"fictitious revenues, concealed liabilities and expenses, and asset or revenue understatements or overstatements†Read MoreEnron s Financial Fraud And Corporate Fraud1700 Words   |  7 Pages Years ago, a series of financial frauds and collapses was occurs in United States. Includes Enron, Global Crossing, Worldcom, Healthsouth, AIG and Lehman Brothers scandals. In the American capital market, the investors abandoned a number of large listed companies leads to the bankruptcy for those companies. The corporate frauds not only deceive investors, but also make oneself paid a heavy price. At the same time, it no t only harm the capital market, but also caused a significant impact on AmericanRead MoreReport on Corporate Frauds in Bangladesh5564 Words   |  23 Pages Report on Corporate Frauds amp; the Role of the auditors: Bangladesh Perspective Faculty of Business Studies University of Dhaka SUBMITTED TO Tahmina Ahmed Lecturer Accounting amp; Information Systems University of Dhaka SUBMITTED BY Group 18 Date of submission:10.11.14 Group members Name | ID | 1.Sajjad Hossain Sohan | 18022 | 2.Rubina Akther | 18048 | 3.Mohammad Saadman | 18052 | 4.Rumi Akther | 18066 | 5.Hilary Talukder | 18099Read MoreCorporate Fraud Or Collapse Or Fraud?1582 Words   |  7 PagesWhen there is a corporate fraud or collapse in a country, the most insecure are the people who were the part of the company or were in any way related to the company. Corporate fraud and misconduct remain a constant threat to the trust of the general public. 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In this paper we will focus on fraud, mainly occupationalRead MoreExecutive Compensation and Corporate Fraud1083 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction: The past decade has been witness to some of the worst accounts of corporate fraud ever recorded, with multi-billion dollar companies such as Enron, Tyco, and World-com involved in serious financial scandals. CEOs and senior executives are often the driving force behind such unscrupulous activities by adopting shady accounting practices and other forms of short-termist actions for the purpose of increasing their firm’s stock price and their own personal wealth. The following paper will

The Subcommittee on Terrorism and Homeland Security Free Essays

string(112) " or a citizen of the United States, anyone captured in the act of terrorist violence is considered a terrorist\." The Subcommittee on Terrorism and Homeland Security made a report on Counterterrorism intelligence Capabilities and Performance before the 9/11 attack. According to this report, one of the reasons why this tragedy was not prevented was their less than satisfactory management of resources particularly information that could have be used to forewarn about terrorist intentions. It was reported for example, that the FBI, Homeland Security and the other agencies had very limited ability to watchlist terrorist suspects because of their inadequate access to up-to-date data collected by the different agencies and resources. We will write a custom essay sample on The Subcommittee on Terrorism and Homeland Security or any similar topic only for you Order Now In addition, it was found out that the actions of the FBI were more towards the investigation of possible terrorist attacks and less focus was placed on the prevention of such. (Report of Subcommittee on Terrorism and Homeland Security, 2002). These features harmed the Intelligence Committee’s ability to foresee possible threats of terrorism. Needless to say, foreknowledge of an attack is necessary for its prevention. This necessitates infiltrating communities especially those with significant Arab populations. Still, it is important to note that this infiltration is not an act of discrimination but an act based on the great probability that those involved in terrorism would belong to such nationality. There is a greater probablility that sympathizers and supporters of terrorism would belong to the members of the Islamic population than other populations of different religions. The situation demands that efforts never go below minimum if the safety of the population is to be considered. But this infiltration has drawbacks. One, it sacrifices the people’s liberty and privacy. Two, it creates exaggerated fear among the people especially if the infiltration is most obvious. To minimize the resultant fear among the people, it is necessary that infiltration be done in the most discreet way possible. Clearly, barricading the community with FBIs would not be wise as this would not only cause alarm but would also harmful to the intelligence we are trying to gather. This demands the need for informants and secret agents in the said community, from the said community and in all parts of the community, including mosques. It is very important that informants who are to be sent are selected among those already living in that population. These people are already knowledgeable about their community; they know the important people; have a personal concern over the safety of their community and would be more knowledgeable in finding important information given the right directions. This limits the time and effort required for information gathering, focusing the officials’ efforts in the interpretation and analysis of data, which speeds the process of investigation. The result is a more efficient transmission of deeply analyzed information, which is exactly what is needed in the prevention of terrorism according to the Subcommittee on Terrorism and Homeland Security (2002). But then, using informants, especially if these informants were selected from the same community involved would entail precautions. The danger here lies on the informant’s loyalty. Since the informant is selected from those already living in that population, it would be wise to assume that his loyalty is not absolutely focused towards the progression of the government’s cause. The possibility that his loyalty would lie towards the side of a guilty individual or the investigated individual, who, like him belongs to the same community cannot be denied. Also it cannot be ascertained whether or not he is in league with the terrorists and is providing them with reports, or probably bound by the same ideals completely against the government’s. In using informants from the involved community, the danger lies in the uncertainty of one’s role: who is pulling the strings and who is the marionette. To manage this danger requires the use of a trusted agent who is beyond the bounds of devotion instilled by community membership. This agent would act as the control, monitoring the local informants’ actions and reporting any act that signals treachery. This way, it is possible to determine the reliability of the reports given, pinpoint possible leak in intelligence and manipulate information disseminated, to the advantage of the intelligence committee. Definitely, there is more to war ethics than preventing needless deaths through terrorism, that is, the need to protect the people has made it to the point that the liberty and privacy of the people are sacrificed. Some means of protecting the people such as expanded surveillance and â€Å"seize and interrogate anyone (O’Connor, 2006)† is in itself an act that would incise the people’s freedom. Infiltrating the community with informants and agents, may also, in a way, harm community’s liberty and privacy but in a relatively less degree compared to other counterterrorism strategies. According to O’Connor (2006), counterterrorism strategies involving technology and the use of informants are the most effective in terms of ensuring the people’s safety and at the same time limiting disadvantages in people’s liberty. In any case at this point, all actions aiming to provide people with their deserved safety entail a cost to the people’s civil liberty. 2. In any undertaking, it is very important to stick to the objective. This does not exclude counterterrorism, war against terrorism or any war for that matter. The war against terrorism is not an end in itself but simply a means to another end which are to protect the peoples’ rights to safety and to provide, in the long run, freedom. I intend to base my answers on these premises. All peoples in the act of terrorism or fighting against the ideals of counterterrorism with the intention of harm would be enemy combatants, without any distinction of citizenship, soldier or non-soldier. This is very different to the status accorded to different people involved in the war on terrorism today where they are classified as enemy combatant, unlawful combatants, prisoners of war or noncombatant, each with different provisions ideally based on International Standards. Whether or not a terrorist is a citizen of Afghanistan, or a citizen of the United States, anyone captured in the act of terrorist violence is considered a terrorist. You read "The Subcommittee on Terrorism and Homeland Security" in category "Papers" Simply being an American does not excuse someone from the punishment accorded to crimes of terrorism and the only possible status, rights and protection I could afford an American citizen in the act of terrorist violence is that of a criminal charged with terrorism. He will be interrogated, given a trial and punished according to law without disregard to his rights as human that is without the use of unnecessary torture. A foreign national engaged in terrorism in the United States would be treated in the same way, based on his actions and without regard to his nationality. There would be no more and no less harsh treatment given to a foreign national engaged in terrorism compared to an American counterpart. â€Å"American national birth should not protect American-born terrorists or fail to protect naturalized citizens (Criticisms of the War of Terrorism, 2006). † In affording rights, status protection and punishment, giving such special considerations would be a question to the justice system and to the real intent and objective of this undertaking. Counterterrorism is not a matter of nationality and citizenship. Counterterrorism is defending the peoples’ rights and freedom, a state’s sovereignty against people who disregard such ideals by instilling fear and uncertainty through violence. Double standards should have no place in the justice system. If nationality and citizenship is to be considered, in deciding rights and punishment, then the efforts to realize the underlying goal which is the safety of the people would be for naught. This would not be counterterrorism but a war against a specific community. This can be applied in the case of the American Citizen who fights against American forces. Again, this is beyond the matter of citizenship. If the American citizen fights against the American forces, he is considered as a threat against the realization of the objectives of the war against terrorism, which is to protect the innocent citizens. The American forces would have no reason not to fight back. Torturing any of these subjects would never be justified in the context of just war. I, personally would say that the torture of these subjects would not be necessary. Eliminating terrorism does not entail the necessity to torture any of the perpetrators of terrorism. Elimination and torture may be similar in a way that it would provoke the wrath of the enemy but they are different in a way that elimination is exactly what it is—that is, it is supposed to eliminate terrorism by eliminating its perpetrators possibly through conviction and application of just laws. Torture, on the other hand would only provoke the wrath of the enemy without the assurance of eliminating terrorism resulting in possible retaliation. Surely, the means of saving lives of peoples would not be limited on a torture or no torture system. Solving terrorism with terrorism is not only unjust but also unwise. 3. Disregarding popular theories on just war, let me say that a war that is just is a matter of perspective. To the leaders, all wars are just as long as it promotes the ideals and purpose they try to protect and achieve. To the US and maybe to some, the war against terrorism is just because its purpose is supposedly to protect the lives, safety and liberty of innocent people against terror. To the leaders of the terrorists, they are supposedly protecting a certain ideal. To some, war is a religious undertaking. Terrorism may be an unpopular act to most but to its supporters, terrorism is their means of fighting for their ideals and achieve their purpose, which they personally believe are just whether others agree or not. But to some people especially those affected negatively by this war, this war would never be possibly just. The families left behind by innocent people who died in the 9/11 attack and those civilians who have become victims of bombs would never think of agreeing to any argument saying that wars could possibly be just. Those who sympathize with these civilians and those who fear the possibility that someday they would become the unknowing victims of war would think the same way. Theorists, most popular of whom, St. Augustine, conceived of criteria that characterize a just war. The just war theory provided guidelines in determining when a war is just (jus ad bellum), how combatants should fight in war (jus in bello), and when to end a war (Just War, 2006). According to the Jus ad bellum, wars should only be engaged in if there is a just cause. Just cause means that wars should only be engaged in to correct wrongdoings, as an act of defense against threats to freedom, rights and sovereignty. The cause is said to be just if it is an act to resist aggression (Orend, 2005). Right intention is also necessary in a just war. Engaging in war for material gains is outside the scope of right intention. In general, intention should always be to defend or correct suffered wrong doings (Orend, 2005). The proportionality and last resort states that gains should always outweigh the casualties incurred and wars should only be engaged in if all other possible means have been exhausted to no avail. Jus ad bellum also emphasizes the importance of legitimate authority and the probability of success. War should only be engaged in if the chance of success is high because doing otherwise would undermine the theory of proportionality, also one criterion in considering a war as a just war (Orend, 2005). In engaging in a just war, combatants are expected to act in a way that violence and casualties are restrained and attempts to recognize human rights of both allies and enemies are made. According to the Jus in bello, combatants of a just war are expected to apply the principle of discrimination in which war is directed only to the perpetrators of wrong and definitely not to civilians. Similar to the Jus ad bellum, in the Jus in bello, proportionality is expected. In this case, the force to be implemented must be justified when compared to the problem that occurred and the possible good outcome. The more civilian casualties, the more the war being waged are questionable (Just War, 2006). The Jus in bello also preaches the use of minimum force, respect for prisoners of war, and derides the use of torture (Orend, 2005). In the same way, in the just war theory, wars should be terminated only with just cause: if both parties are willing to negotiate and violations made by the aggressor have already been recognized and vindicated; right intention, discrimination, proportionality and public declaration and authority (Orend, 2005). Fighting terrorism would cease to be just if it has lost the purpose and ideals which are its foundations. That is, if fighting terrorism has become a mere machination for purposes other than the ideals it stands for. Fighting terrorism would cease to be just if it resorted to unnecessary ways; if it violates human rights; if it in itself resorted to terrorism which is the exact ideal it is supposed to stand against. Fighting terrorism would cease to be just if it has become an act against the principles proposed by the just war theory. Others assert that the presence of any civilian deaths would define an unjust war (Bell, 2006). If all these would classify wars as unjust, then the impossibility of a just war is definite especially when applied to the war on terrorism. Still, criticisms of the just war theory stresses the inapplicability of the just war theory in the present real wars, such as today’s war on terrorism which is unconventional one. When fighting terrorist groups such as the Al Qaeda, the conventional guidelines for war become obsolete. Therefore, â€Å"just war† has to be redefined (Bell, 2006). 4. Schools, colleges, universities, the press and some institutions have the power to carry out or instill ideas among the people. Unfortunately for the government, these institutions are the breeding ground of radical ideas, some, supporting terrorism and most of which pertaining to anti-militaristic views attacking any actions involving the war against terrorism, inspiring terrorist support. People who incite violence when they glorify violent acts against America may be responsible, indirectly for such acts because of the inspiration they give. They are indeed indirectly accountable but they should not be punished unless they themselves engage in violent acts directly. America, as it professes, hold most deeply their love for freedom and democracy, and part of this freedom and democracy that they allow their people is the freedom to express one’s insights, beliefs and emotions. If a person feels like glorifying violent acts against America, if that person feels that in himself, he is against the beliefs and ideals that America stands for, then he or she is free to communicate, glorify or say anything about it whether or not it inspires violent acts among others. He should be free to say everything as long as he does not directly engage in such violence. It is, after all, his right. Now this freedom allowed to citizens is exactly what makes it difficult for the government to deal with schools, mosques and charities that indirectly support terrorism because imposing sanctions on such indirect actions would undermine the liberty that they strive to protect. The only thing the government can do is to make parallel actions that would negate the actions of the supporters of terrorism. If there are local institutions that support terrorism, then they would have to use their power to tap what available resources they have, to negate such support and ideals. They have to make an effort to promote their ideas and market it, indirectly targeting the ideas of the supporters of terrorism and at the same time, indirectly making an effort to reach out and win the key supporters of terrorism. Part of the war against terrorism is to put out ideas that make possible the perpetuation of support of terrorism and not the people who support these ideas (if they do not directly engage in terrorism). In this case the war against terrorism is simply not a guns and bombs war, but also a challenge to make some people realize the correctness of the ideas imposed. If the ideas that support terrorism start from ideas imposed by some institutions, then actions should be targeted toward making powerful institutions publicly support ideas like the government’s. Or better yet, infuse anti-terrorist ideas to the institutions that support terrorism. In a way, this would be propagating anti-terrorist ideas as well as killing ideas that support terrorism. 5. â€Å"The fight against terrorism is now the first and overriding priority of the Department of Justice. (US Department of Justice, 2004). † Following this is the revision of the US Patriot act, which expands the power of Intelligence Officials in gathering information. In general, the main purpose of this expansion is for a more efficient targeting and prevention of terrorism by revising previous acts that limited the government’s ability to gather and use information and provide sanctions to terrorists. The revisions include a freer access to information, allowing information sharing among government agencies, â€Å"strengthening criminal laws against terrorism and updating the law to reflect new technology (US Department of Justice, 2004). All these revisions are said to be required to eliminate hindrances to the investigation of terrorist acts. The main purpose of this revision is to provide a more efficient means of using critical information especially those related to terrorism. Prior to the approval of the USA Patriot Act was a report submitted by the Subcommittee on Terrorism and Homeland Security in 2002, analyzing the possible causes of failure to prevent the 9/11 attack. The main points of the report is the mismanagement of intelligence caused mostly by certain restrictions in the law prior to the 9/11 attack, and the need for certain revisions to accommodate the present need regarding terrorism (Report of the Subcommittee on Terrorism and Homeland Security, 2002). Apparently, the revisions in the US Patriot Act are the response. Undeniably, the revisions in the US Patriot Act are a significant incapacitation of terrorist plans and are a great advancement, although not absolute, in terms of reducing the number of terrorist attacks and thus, ensuring the safety of the people. This has been proven by situations exemplified in a report by the US Department of Justice in 2004 entitled, â€Å"Report from the Field: The US Patriot Act at Work. † The US Patriot Act has temporarily slowed and probably prevented many acts of terrorism, thus improving the perceived safety of the population. But this advantage comes with the price of increased deprivation of civil liberty. The Act could definitely justify secret wiretaps, increase arrests even at a lower threshold of evidence, increased secret access to personal accounts, records, technological usage, mails and conversations (O’Connor, 2006). The not so few accounts of erroneous arrests that have been recorded since the approval of the US Patriot Act confirm this (Criticisms of the War on Terrorism, 2006). Critics of Militarism and the US Patriot Act, and the proponents of civic liberty agree that â€Å"it is better to think before doing anything drastic (O’Connor, 2006). Those for the Patriot Act agree that in the war against terrorism, time is of the essence as a moment of hesitation could disastrously spell doom (Department of Justice, 2004). Another point to be considered in the US Patriot Act is the span of time when provisions of the Act would still be deemed effective in preventing terrorism and ensuring the peoples’ safety. Anyone motivated by a perceived moral cause would not be stopped by simple revisions of laws, or more appropriately, by â€Å"laws† per se. And this is exactly what characterizes the terrorists in question: their motivation to terrorize is beyond any physical or material cause; they are motivated by their perceived definition of morality and justice. Soon, they will find a loophole in the laws that are presently slowing them down, and continue towards their goals. The question now is would the government foresee possible threats that are beyond the treatment of laws? And if they do, how would they handle and prevent these possible threats? Would it spell more demands on the peoples’ civic liberty in exchange for the more extensive need for safety? And if they do, what if the bombs and terrorist attacks are mere guises to remove our attention from how they are working on their real target—the peoples’ liberty—the ideal the state is trying to protect. Because if you are a terrorist, what better way to attack than attacking the foundation of your enemies’ framework. Is it not possible that the state is unknowingly working towards the achievement of the enemies’ real goal? Although the approval of the Act has provided the government with better capability to reduce threats of terrorism, it is still very important, especially with the erratic movement of priorities, that such questions be given consideration and other threats to the peoples’ security continue to be studied, understood and monitored (Report of Subcommittee on Terrorism and Homeland Security, 2002). Given the present circumstances when the safety of the peoples is at risk, the US Patriot Act seems to be working satisfactorily in terms of preventing terrorist attacks. It would not be wise to change the provisions of the Act if the objective is to ensure the peoples’ safety. But it would be nice to be hopeful that there would someday be a proposal that would ensure the peoples’ safety without sacrificing the peoples’ liberty. At present, all we can do is choose the lesser evil, and think of ways to eliminate â€Å"evil† as a choice. References Anti-Americanism. (2006, August 5). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 02:02, August 6, 2006, from http://en. wikipedia. org/w/index. php? title=AntiAmericanism oldid=67844288. Bell, D. (2006). Can the War be Just? Or What is Just War Good For? In Crosscurrents Magazine. Retrieved August 6, 2006, from http://www. crosscurrents. org/Bellspring2006. pdf Criticisms of the War on Terrorism. (2006, August 4). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 02:03, August 6, 2006, from http://en. wikipedia. org/w/index. php? title=Criticisms_of_the_War_on_Terrorismoldid=67579159. Just War. (2006, August 6). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 02:02, August 6, 2006, from http://en. wikipedia. org/w/index. php? title=Just_Waroldid=67920472. O’Connor, T. (2006, June 6). Civic Liberties in Domestic Terrorism. In Megalinks in Criminal Justice. Retrieved August 6, 2006, from http://faculty. ncwc. edu/toconnor/429/429lect19. htm. Orend, B. (2005). War. In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved August 6, 2006, from http://plato. stanford. edu/archives/win2005/entries/war. Report of Subcommittee on Terrorism and Homeland Security, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence on Counterterrorism Intelligence Capabilities and Performance Prior to 9-11 (2002, July). In Federation of American Scientists Intelligence Resource Program. Retrieved August 6, 2006 from http://www. fas. org/irp/congress/2002_rpt/hpsci_ths0702. html. US Department of Justice (2004, July). Report from the Field: The US Patriot Act at Work. How to cite The Subcommittee on Terrorism and Homeland Security, Papers

Cultural Barriers Within Healthcare Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Cultural Barriers Within Healthcare Essay, Research Paper Harmonizing to Health Resources Services Administration, 65 to 75 per centum of all patients seen in a non-profit health care clinic unrecorded below the poorness degree. Supplying effectual wellness attention to low income households requires an apprehension of the possible cultural barriers, which may be faced. These barriers include societal, linguistic communication, faith, and technological issues. The bulk of our patients from foreign civilizations are Latino or Asiatic. Due to this fact, we will discourse the barriers of covering with those from Latino and Asiatic Cultures, and offer possible solutions to get the better of these obstructions efficaciously. The figure of immigrants come ining the United States has been quickly increasing over the last few old ages. For case, the figure of Asians in the United States has grown to more than 9 million in 1996. In 1996, there were over 28 million Hispanics in the United States, and the Numberss are merely increasing. The rapid growing of these two civilizations in United States has made get the better ofing cultural barriers important in pull offing a non-profit health care clinic. A overriding societal barrier in covering with those from the Asiatic civilization is their reluctance to unwrap personal information to anyone outside of their household. Due to this, they may non be honest and forth coming in giving doctors or other medical staff personal or critical information needed for their intervention. When it comes to healthcare for Asiatic adult females, they do non seek out medical attention for Gynecological tests because they feel it is an invasion of their organic structure and considered improper and really mortifying for the adult females. Differences between Asiatic civilization and the American civilization are the bulk of wellness issues of Asians are non frequently addressed in the American wellness attention system. However, the Asiatic civilization is non the lone civilization that is confronting societal and economic barriers to healthcare. With the Numberss of immigrants increasing, what can we make to guarantee that our clinic will be able to turn to the societal and economic issues of all patients? First, we will necessitate to engage person to move as a cultural affair, who non merely has knowledge about the differing civilizations, but can besides talk the linguistic communication. Second, we will necessitate to turn to these issues and barriers with our clients to successfully seek out ways to extinguish any future barriers we may confront. Our educational plans will turn to issues that range from forestalling sexual diseases, usage of birth control, and understanding your organic structure all the manner to turn toing the demands of kids. We plan to do our clinic accessible to all low-income households by guaranting our possible clients that we are non interested in their legal position, but in the wellness of their households. We believe by doing the clinic # 8217 ; s fees based on a agenda of one # 8217 ; s i ncome, that we are doing health care low-cost for everyone. The 1996 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act ( # 8221 ; 1996 Welfare Act # 8221 ; ) was the major inspection and repair of the public assistance system that many Americans were looking for to diminish the many who are taking advantage of their difficult earned money. One of the chief points in the public assistance reform statute law deters non- citizens from using for public aid. Even if they are eligible, they may fear that having public benefits will do them inadmissible or deportable. The many wellness jobs that are prevailing in the Latino population are due to miss of equal wellness attention plans available to non-citizens. Due to that deficiency of citizenship, they are ineligible for federal wellness aid plans such as Medicaid, even if their incomes are low plenty to measure up. The deficiency of handiness of wellness attention in the Latino population is chiefly due to their citizenship position ; even with low incomes, Hispanics are ineligible for wellness attention plans such as Medicaid. Non-profit wellness attention clinics do non fall under the Public Charge Law, they are exempt from holding to verify in-migration position, even if they provide a federal, province, or local public service, and they may non be penalized for non verifying in-migration position. State and local authoritiess may non enforce confirmation demands on such organisations. To be exempt, an organisation must be both non-profit-making and charitable. With over 600 community and non-profit wellness centres around the United States, the undocumented populations are assured good quality attention without holding to worry about being turned into the INS. One of the first types of wellness centre being excluded from the Public Charge Law were Federally Qualified Health Centers ( FQHC ) with the mean figure of undocumented foreigners served a month being 4,316, at the cost of merely $ 3,258 for all ( Bureau of Primary Health Care ) . Another common barrier between civilizations is the difference in linguistic communication. Harmonizing to the 1990 United States Census Bureau, about 2,300 people in Oklahoma over the age of 18 do non talk any English. Over 48,000 of Sooners are Spanish speech production. One job linguistic communication barriers create is the inability of the patients to pass on with the doctor. Often, the doctor is unable to clearly understand the symptoms the patient is depicting. Harmonizing to Charles Warren, an anaesthesia technician at Mercy Health Center, merely 8 % of the physicians in the infirmaries are multilingual. The dislocation in communicating between the physician and patient can multiply the possibilities of a misdiagnosis. This can do injury to the patient and do physicians vulnerable to malpractice cases. Another danger, associated with a linguistic communication barrier, is the possibility of the patients misconstruing the physician # 8217 ; s instructions for the medicine. A solution for this would be to supply an translator to help the physician while handling this patient. Many health care installations, such has Mercy Hospital, have a assortment of employees who are multilingual, so they may be called upon to supply interlingual rendition between and physician and a patient. The infirmary # 8217 ; s MIS ( Medical Information System ) tracks these employees. One option presently available is known as a transcriber box. It is a service available where the go toing doctor calls an 800 figure and is connected with the translator company, the doctor informs the company what linguistic communication he/she needs, and within proceedingss an translator for that peculiar linguistic communication is on-line and ready to help the doctor as needed. Another job is if the patient can non read or talk English, they can non understand the signifiers they must make full out in order to have fiscal aid for health care. The authorities or insurance bureaus that require these signifiers should administer these signifiers in needful linguistic communications to all wellness attention installations, or do them available on a web site where the linguistic communication needed can be chosen and so the signifiers can be printed. A non-profit wellness centre must hold a scheme for covering with spiritual barriers. For case, the Mexican cultural chiefly patterns Catholicism and attends mass on a regular basis. Catholic philosophy provinces, # 8220 ; Direct action to forestall the possibility of human life is impermissible in all fortunes, both when a individual is populating, deceasing, or yet to be conceived. Thus contraceptive method may non be used because it is direct action against the possibility of life # 8221 ; . Catholicism even goes so far as to print an on-line directory called # 8220 ; Ethical motives and Meds # 8221 ; . In # 8220 ; Ethical motives and Meds # 8221 ; , they offer books that can be purchased like # 8220 ; Ethical Principle In Catholic Health Care # 8221 ; which adds the point that the Catholic Church wants its fold to follow guidelines set by the Church. The doctor who is lawfully and morally bound to follow a set criterion in supplying wellness attention will supply the pati ent with the needed information sing birth control. The duty should rest, nevertheless, on the patient to inform the doctor about their spiritual beliefs sing birth control Society normally looks towards a accredited physician to acquire advice and mend us. When covering with the Asian individual who patterns Buddhism, they must take into history that some strands of this faith have a possible for integrating faith into their beliefs of healing and Restoration of wellness, for illustration ; healing of the psyche, and Acupuncture and Bowen Therapy may be two of those ways to mend the psyche. Using stylostixis releases the energy channels by seting force per unit area on a morbid country. Doctors or a therapist uses a needle to prick the tegument regulate and rectify the flow of energy in the organic structure. The 2nd 1 is Bowen Therapy, a elusive muscle/nerve/ connective tissue technique. Unlike massage and other uses that try to coerce a alteration, Bowen merely resets the organic structure to mend itself. The consequences are profound and permanent, and normally evident within two or three Sessionss. A clinic may desire to integrate these different s ervices for its Buddhist patients. When covering with these two different faiths a non-profit wellness attention clinic must happen different ways of assisting the patient. The patient needs to be forthright in adverting how they need to be treated. For case, a practising Catholic needs to advert to the physician that they will non necessitate any information on birth control or household planning. A practicing Buddhist should advert they use holistic medical specialty. The physician needs to take the enterprise to larn about the spiritual issues so that he/she can pattern, or use a accredited alternate practician to supply these services. Today # 8217 ; s medical engineering, if available and used decently, can be a immense benefit in operating and pull offing a low-income health care centre. Doctor # 8217 ; s accomplishments, along with the latest medical engineering have accounted for salvaging many lives. Many of the Latino counties are considered 3rd universe states and the people at that place frequently do non hold entree to the latest progresss in medical engineering. Most are non cognizant they exist. Many times a individual of the Latino civilization will non seek medical aid due to the fact they believe there is nil the physicians can make for them. Many low-income Latinos suffer for a long clip with complaints that can ensue in lasting effects and even decease. Not being cognizant of the latest progresss in medical engineering, many feel they are better off trying to handle themselves with a homemade redress. These redresss are frequently uneffective and can even do affairs worse. Medical instruction plans that inform people of progresss in medical engineering demand to be more readily available for patients. These plans inform the patients of the benefits of today # 8217 ; s medical engineering, and educate them on the legion ways the physicians can handle the patients efficaciously. In making this, patients from less advanced civilizations are frequently willing to seek medical attending quickly. Often a physician who went to medical school in a 3rd universe state is non instructed in the latest in medical engineering. In palliating fortunes, these physicians are allowed visas to the United States every bit long as the physician works in an country, which is designated as a HPSA ( wellness doctor deficit country ) . These physicians, non being cognizant of the engineering available to them in the United States, frequently rely on older and less effectual methods of handling patients. In decision, we have addressed the societal, linguistic communication, faith, and technological barriers confronting a non-profit wellness attention centre that affect the Hispanic and Asiatic civilizations. We have besides provided solutions to get the better of those barriers in supplying wellness attention. If non-profit wellness attention centres will integrate the declarations, they would be able to efficaciously supply quality wellness attention to the Asian and Hispanic population. 1. Factors Affecting the Health of Women of Color, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.4women.gov/owh/pub/woc/ hispanic.htm 2. Karen A. Woodrow and Jeffrey S. Passel, Post-IRCA undocumented in-migration to the United States: # 8220 ; An Assessment Based on the June 1988 CPS # 8221 ; , p. 53, 3. Bean, Edmonston, and Passel, Undocumented Migration to the U.S. Washington, The RAND Corporation 1990 4. Miller, Theodore Jr. , Holistic Health, # 8220 ; Medical Irony at Its Best # 8221 ; , hypertext transfer protocol: //reikimaster.net/holistic 5. National Catholic Bioethics Center, Ethical Principle in Catholic Health Care, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nbcenter.org/cubs_ethicalpriciple.html