What Is The Role Of Engineers?

What Is The Role Of Engineers? Through the last few decades the physical growth of population has become one of the worlds highest environmental threats. This growth has created remarkable demands for land, transportation, energy, water, sanitation, etc., and marked the different areas or fields where engineers are working. As a result, todays engineers in both developed and developing countries must to adopt a new holistic approach toward natural and social systems (Amadei 2004). Which means switch the controlling nature approach for cooperating nature approach; through sustainable development in practice. Engineers, people that design professional solutions for social issues, are playing a vital role in the construction of modern societies, although the ways as they overcome and approach these depend largely on the socioeconomic conditions which vary significantly. This essay will discuss the role of engineers in developing nations and analyse water supply sanitation and energy as two of the most significant ar eas affected by their decision-making. Role of engineering General Perspective The role of engineering has suffered many changes over the last few decades, although its concept which is based on trial and error has remained an essential element of the scientific-technological method; where social, environmental and human factors define the most suitable solution to manage a particular issue. Thus, engineers role is continuing reshaped according to the new challenges and necessities implicated by specialized disciplines on particular areas of technology (civil, chemical, agricultural, etc.). (UNESCO 2010, p. 24) Contemporary Perspective and sustainable development Unlike the 20th century where the engineering era seemed to have unlimited natural sources, todays century is facing serious problems that are putting enormous pressure on the environment (Azapagic, Perdan Clift 2004, pp. 3-5). Therefore, todays engineers besides the basic technical and scientific knowledge of the engineering discipline, they also have to contribute and promote sustainable development that meets todays necessities without affecting adversely the capability of upcoming generations to meet up their own necessitates. This new role of engineering, demands new practices based on social-environmental factors rather than just business goals. Impact of engineering on society The history shows numerous examples in which engineers performance has widely influenced among communities. Quality of life, economic wealth and good infrastructure for instance, are one of the most relevant and common indicators of their weight on society. As (UNESCO 2010, p. 40) have stated, by 2025, the worlds population will have increased from 1.5 billion to 6.6 billion approximately and the percentage of migration to urban areas will rise from 40 per cent to 60 per cent. This information shows that urbanization rates will boost dramatically. Subsequently engineers have the responsibility to make effective and sustainable solutions as an integrated approach without generate negative impacts, which is known as engineering social responsibility. Ethical side of engineering In general terms, engineerings ethics is directly related with engineering responsibilities regulated by standards codes which act according to several situations. The objective of the ethical factor in engineering rather than just fixed up rules, is drawing solutions with reflexion of particular situations fixed into prior principles. On this basis, at the time of making decisions, engineers should take into account the following points: sustainable development, protection of the public-environment, faithful agent of stakeholders related with objectivity, competence-knowledge, fairness and justice, integrity in the workplace (dedication and service), and professional accountability- leadership. (UNESCO 2010, p. 190) Engineers in Developing Countries As in developed nations, engineers must work within the social, economic and environmental context in order to guarantee real sustainable development for the whole world (Parsons 1996, p. 170). Social responsibilities such as water supply, sanitation, food, energy and environmental protection are the same in developing countries. The difference resides on the socio-economic factors which are directly influenced by peoples behaviour, governments positions and development priorities. Engineering skills and ethics in Developing nations As is described in the section A.1 and A.3, competences and principles of engineers in developing countries remain the same as standardized characteristics. The great challenge for them is in fact, to develop realistic projects on time to particular communities and technology available (Parsons 1996, p. 170). In fact, environmental issues, often take less importance because there are others which have more relevant social impact, oil explorations for instance. Successful and failed projects The successful and failed projects in developing countries depends much on the capability of engineers to undertake projects with a clear understanding of the objectives, reliable assessment of resources availability, business, and technical requirements and effective communication among stakeholders. The ability to implement accurately these facts will bring up useful and applicable alternatives to address real issues. By contrast, lack of attention to the social-economic context, ethics codes, unrealistic expectations, underestimated time, quality and cost will bring poor outcomes. (Parsons 1996, pp. 171,172) Relationship between technology and socioeconomic factor The use of high-technology does not guarantee a successful project or accurate solutions. In order to achieve good results, engineers must be able to make a balance between use of technology and socioeconomic attributes. Parsons (1996) points out that the appropriated selection of technology will determine not only projects success also its viability. As a result, there are four points to choose appropriated technology according to socioeconomic factors: it must be conceptual and physically compatible with operators, spare parts and equipment must be available in the influenced area, project funding must be commensurate with its budget, and the technology must be compatible with the physical environment where it will be used. This model leads to concluded that the relationship between technology and socieconomic factor is very narrow, it must fit users and needs as well as must be designed to improve quality life. Engineering Areas Environmental trends that are shaping new engineers Brief mention of important events that encourage environmental view on engineering World population, followed by climate change are considered the two main factors that are shaping new engineers with environmental approach. During the last half of the 21th century; world population increased from 2.5 billion to 6 billion especially in less economically developed countries, this trend is expected to peak at 9.3 billion by 2050 (United Nations 2012). In addition, overpopulation also has been linked with higher demands of natural resources (water, cropland, forest), shanty settlements, transportation-infrastructure deficits etc. Another important event that is making an environmental approach is the fact that the current global economic is based on productivity, which has brought several impacts associated with greenhouse gases, waste product of fossil fuels and air pollution. Climate change is certainly the result of all these elements at an abnormal rate. Thus, the world has changed its development approach to sustainable development (Brown, Rener Halweil 2000). He nce, most of professional corporations have incorporated sustainable development into their aim statements and codes. New model of learning and practice To confront the global challenges that the earth are facing today, engineering education has incorporated the concept of sustainability into all engineering fields. This means, that professional are expected to make reliable decisions that improve quality of life as well as reducing negative impacts on environment and levels of consumption, and planning their actions according to socio-economic factors and technology available. Consequently, the process of learning and practice has been adjusted by a model of education more realistic-practical. Where students throughout workshops are learning and building knowledge in real situations, as well as has created in them greater environmental responsibility. (Amadei 2004). Sustainability and transformation As explain Azapagic, Perdan Clift (2004), there are certainly three constrains that built the concept of sustainability. Techno-centric concerns, which represent human expertise, ingenuity and economic systems, Eco-centric concerns related with natural resources and ecological capability and socio-centric concern based on human and social expectations. The Techno-centric concerns, has been traditionally used in the process of education in engineering, the responsibility of todays engineers is to include in equal proportion or balance all three constraints to achieve a sustainable development. Which ultimately is seeking for human wellbeing, in other words satisfying human needs, improving quality of life in an eco-friendly way. Water Supply and Sanitation Developing Nations background UNESCO (2010) states that water supply is one of the most serious problems facing by developing nations, in India for instance, 85% of the urban population has access to drinking water, but only 20% of the of this meets the health-quality standards set by World Health Organization. Additionally, the daily rate of water supply often is very low and depends on economic factors and location. The situation on sanitation is even worse; often sanitation has lower priority than water supply. It has estimated that 2.6 billion people do not have properly or existing sanitation system in developing countries. Another issue related with sanitation is in fact that wastewater and solid waste collection services; and stormwater drainage are inadequate. Littering directly to open areas for instance, has created environmental impacts on surface and ground water resources being more dramatic in areas such as shanty towns. Engineering Challenges Engineers approach The traditionally treatment of water supply and sanitation management is considered now as a standard procedure. Which has several treatments according to the water physicochemical characteristics, technology available and environmental regulations. Although, it is by no means certain that this procedure has been the best. Indeed, 95% of the wastewater in the world has been discharged to the environment without treatment (Montgomery Elimelech 2007). Hence, Beside new regulations and codes, todays engineers rather that replicate solutions from developed countries to developing countries, they will have to meet basic needs of all communities for water and sanitation and work as facilitators of sustainability approach within context institutional, social, political, economic, environmental and technological. Thereby, the issue of water and sanitation in developing countries will be overcame or at least reduced. For example, cleaner production can be an expensive solution, however it is really depends on numerous conditions linked with the population objet, such as natural resources, requirements and social class. Energy Developing Nations background In the next few decades, the pressure on energy services will increase considerably in developing nations. It is predicted that energy consumption worldwide will increase about 30% from 2007 to 2030 and most of that growth will be came from developing nations. As a result, the intergovernmental panel climate change (2007) point out that these energy issues will be addressed through cost-effective energy programs based on the reduction of fossil fuel use; implementations of ecofriendly technologies and renewable energy in housing, transportation and industrial sectors and finally the reduction of life-cycle cost, this related with all expenses in the design, construction, operation and maintenance of a particular project. (Liu, Meyer Hogan 2010, pp. 35,36). Todays modern development demands serious energetic programs that fix up both economic development and sustainable development based on the rational use of natural resources. Engineering Challenges and approach in developing Nations. Worldwide experiences have showed that the replacement of non-renewable to renewable energy seems to be more expensive and moreover, information about renewable technologies is inadequate or unreachable. For that reason, the common commitment for engineers on energy solutions is provide better alternatives in terms of sustainability and development. Adoption and design of new technologies, regulations, engineering supervision within national strategies, continues updating, provide advice of energy requirements, etc., will be the common areas where engineers role will be crucial for environmental energy development in the less economically developed nations. (UNESCO 2010, p. 288). Levine’s Conservation Model Theory: Case Study Levine’s Conservation Model Theory: Case Study According to Rafieian-Kopaei, Setorisi, Doudi, Baradaran, Nasri (2014) atherosclerosis is a result of hyperlipidemia and oxidation, and it has been a principal factor of mortality in developed countries. Atherosclerosis is a common disease where fatty deposits called atheromatuos plaques develop in the inner layers of arteries. This process begins with a deposition of small cholesterol crystals in the intima, so the plaque grows, and inflammation process develops in the same time, which results in the fibrous tissues development. As a result this process, clot formation and thrombosis are developed, which conclude in blood obstruction and consequently in heart deficit and other factors dependent of the place where it is affected. In the same aspects, Strain, Hughes, Mayet, Wright, Kooner, Chaturvedi, Shore (2013) had described that some consequences related to atherosclerosis such as hypertension and ischemic heart disease, so these are two main disease, which can be developed in t he process of atherosclerosis. Besides, Levine (1973) in her nursing theory has introduced the theory of conservation model where holism is a key factor in the process to care and manage a client. Throughout the course of this paper, I will describe a client’s history, a concise introduction about the Conservation Model theory, the application of this nursing theory for the client, and a response plan with a chronic care model, which can be applied for this client. Firstly, the client’s history is necessary to know and understand, so the caregiver and health professional can develop methods, which facilitate the life this person. The patient V.D has described part of his history in the following information. Mr. D., 47 years old, married, has not concluded elementary school, is atheist, and is a farmer. In his family history, he described that his parents had died because of heart complications, but he did not know the exact cause. Mr. D. had been submitted to stent implantation where exams had proved the diagnoses of coronary artery disease. After six months, he was submitted to bypass surgery. Even though a focus hemorrhagic had developed, Mr. D. was resubmitted to another intervention surgery, in the same day, to control this hemorrhagic area. Also, before the discharge, Mr. D. has received simple explanations about how to proceed in the recovery time; these explanations were about medication (teaching correct administration time and dose), caring about the dressing in the surgical site, and orientation to return to visit the physician in 60 days to have a revaluation about the general recovery and surgical site. The general knowledge to have adaptation was provided by Mr. D.’s family and friends, whom tried to provide better quality of life in this crucial moment of recovery and adaption for a new life style. In addition, some key chronicity concepts can be understood in the client’s history. Related to Kramer-Kile, Osuji, Larsen, Lubkin, (2014) these chronicity concepts are: 1- illness experience, Mr. D. was diagnosed with atherosclerosis a short period before to be submitted to surgery, so he had develop d method to adapt to symptoms of this disease when he was developing his daily activities; 2- stigma, it is related to the cultural background and level of education, so Mr. D. has restriction in his level of education so that it can promote an increase in the level of stigma; 3- adaptation and quality of life, during and after recovery, it promotes a drastic process to adapt in this new style of life because Mr. D. has experienced a new process (illness) in his life and his job (farmer) must be substituted, so he could have a adequate adaptation and quality of life; 4- sexuality, Mr. D has a cardiac disease and did a bypass surgery, so it must have affected his sexual activity; and, 5- self-care, as a farmer and has cardiac disease, Mr. D. must control his activities to provide better care and management for his life because the opposite side it develops worse affects. In fact, chronic concepts are present in all process of the illness, so it needs to adequate for the person. Likewise, nursing theories are used to promote better care and the same time knowledge about the general process to manage the quality of life. As a result, the theory Conservation Model by Myra Levine describes the conservation model, which was originally a framework to teach undergraduate nursing student (Levine, 1973). The three major concepts for the conservation model are: first, conservation, which is maintaining together of the life system (balance between nursing interventions and client participation). Second, adaptation, which means an ongoing process of change, but the individual keeps his/her integrity within realities of his/her environment. Third, wholeness is existent when interactions or constant adaptations to the environment permit assurance of integrity (Alligood, 2010). This theory has conservational principles as energy conservation, structural integrity, personal integrity, and social integrity (Levine, 1973). Still, in this theory, the metaparadigm concepts are the person, environment, health, and nursing. People are holistic beings who are sensitive, thinking, future-oriented, and cognizant. Though, people are in constant interaction with the environment, responding to change in an orderly, sequential pattern, adapting to forces that form and reform their essence. In fact, the goal of client care is promotion of adaptation and well-being (Alligood, 2010). These factors are reinforced by Levine (1973) that the process of client understanding his/her plan of care and diagnosis is vital. This theory reinforces the importance of the nurse holistic view during the nursing process to make a plan for the client. Then, the Conservation Model Theory is applicable for Mr. D. in his process of disease and illness, so a nursing theory is applied to promote better process of care and quality of life. According to Alligood (2010) the Levine’s Conservation Model is applied in three main areas such as conservation, adaptation, and wholeness. In the aspect referent to conservation describes the conservation of energy, so Mr.D. must have restriction in his life to keep adequate levels of energy although he continues doing daily activities. For example, he is a farmer, so he needs to understand that some activities in the farming he cannot do because it will require high levels of activities. If he stops doing activities, he has a possibility to develop other factors, which decrease his quality of life. Also, farming requires different activities with lot of energy, but it is not a factor to leave these activities. A management in the process to work can be favorable, and working in small process es results in the job concluded and the body in action. In addition, the adaptation is a rouge aspect present after the surgery, so it requires time and motivation from the client. In this process client, family, first caregiver, and health professional are involved in this process of adjustment. Though nurses have a crucial function for the client, which is teaching and doing management to provide better quality of life. Kramer-Kile et al (2014) emphasise the psychological and social result of chronic diseases require significant adaptations from the client. Consequently, Mr. D. has significant changes in his life such as alimentation, medication regimen, and daily activities (working). Through alimentation is not considered an important factor for some society, it has a key for the prevention and promotion of atherosclerosis. The unhealthy diet where has food with high quantity of saturated and fats, cholesterol levels, sodium and sugar can increase development of atherosclerosis. The unhealthy blood cholesterol and lipoproteins levels promote an increase in the atheroma, so the process of occlusion of lumen is increased; triglycerides is other factor to increase the occurrence of atherosclerosis. Also, overweight or obesity contributes extremely in this process because the level of exercises is totally reduced and weight gain is increased. Rafieian-Kopaei et al (2014) Mr.D. must need an adaptation in the alimentation where alimentary factors can be controlled and managed to develop a health alimentation. Moreover, the medication regimen and daily activities develop a reorganization in the routine. In the medication regimen a different types of medications are necessary to be taken, so a correct management of drug is necessary, so drug interaction will not result. Side effects can occur, so as a nurse must teaching the client about this process and emphasize for the client continuing the medication although he has this process. Even though medication regimen is prescribed by the doctor, nurse needs to verify if the patient understood and/or is taking correct. Furthermore, daily activities must be reformulated because Mr. D. cannot continue doing high levels of effort. Hence, client, family, and health professional must work together to develop an adequate management, which provides easily and comfortable adaptation. Still, wholeness is a part of all these processes because the client and environment interactions to provide changes occurs in the same time that adaptation and conservation. The process of interaction with the environment is crucial whenever the human being interact with the environment and contrariwise, so both sides receive affects to increase or decrease life. As a result, conservation of energy and adaptation work in the same time with wholeness, and the quality of interaction must be satisfactory for client. In the nursing process – assessment – the nurse and client will analyze challenges in the client’s environment and methods to be adequate in this system. Some aspects are necessary to observe in this process such as energy conservation (balance between energy supply and demand), structural integrity (the system defense of the body), personal integrity (client’s dignity and personhood), and social integrity (client’s involvement in the society or his community) (Alligood, 2010). Instead, in this process of assessment, the word holism is a fundamental definition in the general process to assess the client. As a result, looking for a short-long future some challenges can be observed, so it has great opportunity to change and develop other managements (Levine, 1973). Another example in the Mr. D. progress of illness is that his disease can be linked by genetic factor because as a described his parents had cardiac problems. Thus, his offspring has an inc rease possibility to develop cardiac problems in the life progress although it can be controlled by intervention such as educational factors, alimentation, exercises, and level of stress. Shalhoub, Sikkel, Davies, Vorkas, Want, Davies (2014) reinforce in a research about biologic factors of atherosclerosis that a person who has someone in the family (first lineage) has a genetic risk factors for susceptibility to develop atherosclerosis. Although a variant in the genetic and environmental factors can be present, genetic is an important factor-development to be considered. Likewise, Mr. D. needs to have orientation for other cardiac diseases, which develop in response of a first disease. In this progress, hypertension is a factor to be considered, so prevention and promotion are the basis in this progress. An adequate quantity of sodium by day is necessary, so teaching and explanation about it needs to be done (Rafieian-Kopaei et al, 2014). Consequently, a holistic view is necessary to understand the progress of disease and illness, so management in prevention and promotion are developed in conjunct with health professional and client. Another process in the theory is hypotheses, more specific goals, the nurse seeks validation with the patient about his/her problem, so the nurse hypothesizes about the problem and its solution, which means the plan of care for the patient (Alligood, 2010). In order that, Mr. D. has some hypotheses for his situation such as risk for infection, deficit of knowledge in his process of care (post-surgical), inadequate cardiac output, acute pain, and, risk for compromised resilience (Ackley Ladwig, 2014).After hypothesize client’s factors, it is necessary to develop intervention, which can develop to acquire the goals settled. The interventions are hypothesis to direct care the client. It is based on the conservation principles: conservation of energy, structural integrity, personal integrity, and social integrity; the goal is to maintain wholeness and promote adjustment for the client (Alligood, 2010). In this case, Mr. D. has broad interventions in his case, which begins in the self-care to social involvement. The surgical wound he needs to have information about how caring it. The nurse needs to teach about cleaning and changing dressing though some indications of infections in the surgical wound, so he can contact his doctor and/or nurse to verify this process. Medications to control and relieve pain are necessary to know, so teaching about it is fundamental. Although he has different type of cardiac medications, he needs to know all of them besides analgesics and nitroglycerine drug for angina if he develops coronary spam. Nevertheless, nurse helps in develop plans for the process of adaptation, which must be approved and oriented by Mr. D. This time for adaptation involves his recovery and after that for the process working in the daily routine. In the same time, he needs to be taught by the nurse about his disease and process of illness, so as much information (knowledge) he has, more easily the process of acceptance occurs. This explanation does not need to be said only one time, but in the different consults, which are reserved for him. Consequently, in the process to teach and manage his adaptation, working restriction must be considered because he is a farm, so a rouge part of his job needs to be revised provided that small portion of exertion. Thus, a holistic view for the mental process needs to be evaluated because in the process of adaptation a decrease in the level of self-esteem occurs although it can develop mental disorder such as depression. Mr. D. has an increase factor in this part sin ce he is a farmer, so restriction in the working routine facilitates this occurrence. Controlling it, community support (friends) is one method helping in his farm, so he has his job done with some help and regulating anxiety and other mental circumstance. Therefore, intervention is a primordial aspect in the process to care the patient, so it needs to have a holistic view to promote better quality of life not only for the client as well for his family. The last process in the Levine’s nursing process is the evaluation. The evaluation refers to the observation of organism (client) response to interventions. In the decision making assess the hypothesis to verify if it has done a support for the hypothesis or not. If the plan has not supported by the hypothesis, it is revised and proposed a new hypothesis to be applied (Alligood, 2010). Mr.D. and his nurse will evaluate his intervention knowing the quality of it, so modification and revisions may be necessary to do to provide better care in his process of life. Otherwise, all the process to adapt and provide health care is lost. Hence, evaluation is extremely necessary, and nurses must do it in every single client, as much it can be necessary. Finally, an action plan with a model of care is applied for Mr.D. The model of care more appropriate is the Expanded Chronic Care Model (ECCM), which has expand the focus of chronic care management toward health outcomes for client and community. This model expands the client to community a large view in the process of care, and support in all directions is provided to guaranty adequate quality of life (Kramer-Kile et al, 2014). The plan of care for Mr. D. some aspects to provide care and adjustment in his life are emphasize. Fist, teaching he and his family (first caregiver) about how to care and change the dressing in the surgical incision, and provide a nurse (in his community) to check weekly in his house if the surgical incision has been cared correct so as his process of adaptation is been accepted. Second, teaching about the illness and illness course, and it provides a focus in some chronic concepts such as sexuality, adaptation, isolation, stigma, and cultural. Also, provide support to understand and accept these concepts are essential. Then, involvement in community is necessary, so it avoids social isolation and increase self-esteem. Friend’s support is necessary, and they may help in the farm working, so Mr. D. could reduce psychological pressure because of the job. Fourth, psychological evaluation can determine if it is necessary to use antidepressant drug because a rouge change in his life has occurred. If necessary this type of drug, he needs orientation how to use and side effects that it can cause. Still, teaching about cardiac medication is significant, so it reinforces the management the correct time to take and side effects, which may be possible to occur. Fifth, cultural aspect about incapable may develop because he began to be restricted in his job. A support comprehension, which describes that he is capable to continue his activities, is decisive, so he is capable to do activities although some restrictions such as avoid high level of effort are necessary restriction. Sixth, body image is anothe r factor present because scar of the surgery will be present for the rest of his life, so understanding how to accept this aspect in his body is crucial for the quality of life. Last, family support in the process to accept the disease and provide adequate adaptation is required. Nurse may provide sources for his family to understand and know how to manage this illness in order that Mr. D. has more acceptance and provides involvement in his family in the process to care him. Indeed, the nurse and client develop action plan, so both must have agreements, which provides better care and process of adaptation. A revaluation these plans are indispensable, so adding or taking off part this may result. In brief, in the following paper was described Mr. D’s story, some chronic concepts, which are related with his history, a succinct nursing theory description, which was Levine’s theory, the application the Levine’s conservation model theory for Mr. D., and action plans with a chronic care model may be applied for Mr. D. I have written this paper based in Mr. D., who is my father, and I thank him to have been given all this experiences for me in the process to care and manage his chronic illness. It is not easily to accept a new situation in the life and beginning to have adaptations in the inspected period of the life, so every chronic disease and illness are difficult to manage if the family and client do not have correct support to confront it. As a result, nurses need to have as much as knowledge possible doing research and applying nursing theories to provide better care and support for their clients and client’s family.

The God of Small Things Book Analysis

The God of Small Things Book Analysis Character: Esthappen, referred to as Estha, and Rahel are twins. Both are innocent children who are still learning their manners. When they grow up and separate, Rahel moves to America and gets married, and Estha leaves to go with Babu, their father who has left them. When he returns to Ayemenem, Rahel also returns because they have a special bond. Their mother is referred to as Ammu. She raises her children well with structure. Ammu has an affair with Velutha, an untouchable, getting her banished from her home.Velutha is a servant in the Ayemenem home, aand the twins grow to admire him. Mammachi is the twins’ grandmother; she does not talk much, but often plays the violin. She is married to Pappachi, and he physically abuses Mammachi with a vase until Chacko, their son, tells him to stop. Chacko is the twins’ uncle. His ex-wife Margaret is British, and they have a daughter named Sophie Mol. Margaret Kochamma and Sophie Mol move to Ayemenem when Joe, Sophie Mol’s stepfather, passes away in London. Baby Kochamma is the twins’ grandaunt.She is very sneaky; for example, she accuses Velutha of raping Ammu, and forces Estha to tell the police that Velutha kidnapped the twins. Conflict: Many conflicts are presented in the book. One major conflict is the affair of Ammu with Velutha. Since he is an untouchable, he is not allowed to even come in contact with a touchable. Because of this affair, Ammu was banished from her own home and died early. Baby Kochamma accused Velutha of raping Ammu, but it was a lie only to protect their family image. Another conflict occurred during the death of Sophie Mol.Sophie Mol joined the twins on a boat when they were trying to escape because Ammu was angry at them. The boat flips, and Sophie Mol drowns in the river. Estha and Rahel are unconscious and wake up next to Velutha, who Baby Kochamma accuses Velutha of kidnapping the twins, and she forces Estha to tell this to t he police. Master Plot: One major master plot in the book is forbidden love. Velutha is loved by Ammu, and Estha and Rahel become attached to him later on. However, he is an untouchable servant so this love is forbidden. Because of this, Velutha is fired and Ammu is forced to leave her own home.Another master plot is discovery. Estha and Rahel discover how they family interacts and how certain actions affect the relationships between family members. Another master plot is maturation. This book shows how the twins start off as innocent and naive children, but through experiences, such as Estha with the Orangedrink Lemondrink man, they become more mature as they become adults. Archetype: One archetype that appears in this book is the mother. Ammu has to raise Estha and Rahel on her own because their Babu left them. She is motherly in teaching them manners and being polite in public.She also employs the father archetype. She has the highest authority over the twins and is powerful over them. The self is also sound in this book because Estha and Rahel are basically parts of a whole. They unconsciously think alike and have similar personalities. The trickster in this book is Baby Kochamma. She is deceiving because she forced Estha to tell the police that Velutha kidnapped the twins, in order to make her statement valid and avoid her own persecution for lying to the police. She also accuses Velutha of raping Ammu when they were actually in a secret love affair.Theme: One theme portrayed in this book is tensions between social classes. The book mentions several times where Touchables and Untouchables are not allowed to interact with each other because Touchables are superior. Rahel and Estha’s family have a higher status than others because they own the pickle company, so they did not interact with poorer people in the book. Estha and Rahel are not allowed to interact with Velutha, but they try to do so anyways. Another theme is betrayal. Chacko is betrayed by Margaret Kochamma, his ex-wife, who does not care about him anymore.The man selling drinks at the theatre betrays Estha. Tone & Irony: Roy writes in various tones. She writes in a sorry tone when describing moments of betrayal and family problems. When writing about the childhood of the twins, she sounds happier because of their innocence. An example of irony is that Comrade Pillai is a communist but does not want Velutha to join the revolution just because he is an untouchable. A revolutionary leader would want all the support he can get, but because Velutha is inferior, he does not accept him.Setting & Location: The book is mainly set in Ayemenem, India during the 1960s. Most of the plot occurs in the Ayemenem House, which is also the Paradise Pickles & Preserves factory they own. Another setting includes the movie theatre called Abhilash Talkies in the city of Kerala when the family goes to watch The Sound of Music. Another setting is in the airport when the family picks up Soph ie Mol and Margaret Kochamma. Writer’s Style: Arundhati Roy’s style is very different from others. She writes with great detail and incorporates deep imagery.She writes in flashbacks to show how the twins’ childhoods still affect them as adults. She begins with the family’s lives when they are older, and go back to when the twins were children. This helps readers know what happens to the family before finding out about the events that occur in between. Symbols: Pappachi’s moth symbolizes fear. It is first mentioned in chapter 2 when Pappachi discovers a new moth species, but does not claim that he discovered it. This moth appears when Ammu is angry at Rahel for talking back to her.It also appears when Rahel realizes that Sophie Mol died by drowning in the river. Another symbol is the toy watch that Rahel wears. It does not function but has a time painted on it. This shows that the tragic events that occurred during the twins’ childhood are f rozen and cannot be changed. These events affected the entire family until the twins’ adulthood. Summary: The book begins when the Rahel finds out that Estha has returned to Ayemenem, so she returns there as well. A flashback then occurs, and the family is at the funeral of Sophie Mol; the twins are seven years old at this time.Rahel does not understand that Sophie Mol is dead, and believes she is about to be buried alive. The entire family ignores Estha and Rahel throughout the entire funeral. The story fast forwards and Rahel visits their old home in Ayemenem, and Paradise Pickles & Preserves. It is also mentioned how the death of Sophie Mol affected the relationships in their family. Then another flashback occurs, and the family goes to Cochin airport to pick up Sophie Mol and Margaret Kochamma. Before going to the airport, they go to the movies to see The Sound of Music.Here at the theatre, Estha cannot help but sing during the movie so he leaves and goes to the lobby. He re, an Orangedrink Lemondrink Man molests him, and this event haunts him forever. After the movie is over, they stay at a hotel. The next day, they pick up Sophie Mol and Margaret Kochamma from the airport. The twins are rude in greeting them, and Ammu becomes mad at them. The story fast forwards and Rahel meets Comrade Pillai. He shows her a picture of the twins with Sophie Mol before her death. The story flashes back to when the family is leaving the airport to go home.The story is fast forwarded again to when Ammu passes away during work. She is cremated, and Chako and Rahel bring her to the crematorium. Estha is not with them, and a letter is sent to him informing him of Ammus’ death. There is another flashback and Sophie Mol has a welcome party. Rahel begins to bond with Velutha, and Ammu notices him and becomes attracted to him. Estha is not at the party, but he is in the factory. They find an old boat, and row to Velutha. He promises to fix the old boat. It is fast for warded to the present, and Estha and Rahel meet in a temple.It is flashbacked to Chacko and Margaret Kochamma’s wedding, and this wedding does not last. Margaret divorces Chacko and marries Joe, who dies later on. His death is what made Margaret Kochamma and Sophie Mol move to Ayemenem. Sophie Mol’s death is finally described. Baby Kochamma keeps Ammu locked up in her room in order to accuse Velutha of raping her. Velutha supports the communist movement, but Comrade Pillai, the leader of the movement, does not defend Velutha whatsoever. Velutha is banished, and Roy begins to refer to his as the â€Å"God of Small Things† because of Sophie Mol’s short death.Sophie joins the twins on their boat ride down the river. The boat flips over, and Sophie Mol drowns and dies. The twins are unconscious and wake up next to Velutha. Because of this, Baby Kochamma accuses him of kidnapping the twins and she forces Estha to tell the same to the police. After this, Estha leaves Ayamenem and lives with Babu. This affects Rahel because her other half is leaving her. In the present, they meet in Ayamenem again and make love. They continue to meet up at the riverbank and admire â€Å"the small things†, which are creatures that they see there.

Are Entrepreneurs Born or Made Critically Discuss Essay

Are entrepreneurs born or made? Critically discuss. The question of â€Å"Are entrepreneurs born or made?† has been an interrogative sentence for long as both confronting propositions are bolstered by sophisticated theories. Regardless of the perpetual fierce debate, my standpoint is that entrepreneurs are both born and made as these seemingly opposing ideologies are in fact coexisting with each other. This essay will attempt to critically discuss the authenticity of the above stance. The definition of â€Å"entrepreneurs† Entrepreneurs are defined as innovative people who conceptualize new ideas and take risks to transform ideas into entrepreneurial opportunities so to accomplish extraordinary achievements (Hatten, 1997; HoHolt, 1992).†¦show more content†¦and O’Cinneide, B., 1994); deservedly, one’s creativity crucial for opportunity recognition (Shane, 2000), is likely to be developed. The above paragraphs attempt to critically demonstrate that education can make individuals more entrepreneurial. Nevertheless, â€Å"born† or â€Å"made† are not being mutually exclusive in that â€Å"born† factors simultaneously contribute to entrepreneurs’ molding. The â€Å"born† factors for entrepreneurs A successful entrepreneur is someone able to foresee, evaluate and exploit opportunities to make profits (Bygrave and Hofer, 1991). Yet, this is an uncommonly-shared talent possessed by people as not everyone is capable to discover â€Å"disequilibrium profit opportunities† (Kaish and Gilad, 1991) since the crux of successful discovery of opportunities hinges on one’s â€Å"entrepreneurial alertness† (Kirzner, 1973), which is the ability to spot and innovate opportunities (Kirzner,1973). In hopes of evaluating what constitute entrepreneurs, it is pivotal to critically appraise the constituents of â€Å"entrepreneurial alertness† (Kirzner, 1973) as it is this which makes up the entrepreneurs’ intrinsic nature. The constituents of â€Å"entrepreneurial alertness† First and foremost, the possession of â€Å"creativity† is the presupposition of â€Å"entrepreneurial alertness† (Kirzner, 1973) insomuch that â€Å"creativity†Show MoreRelatedAre Entrepreneurs Born or Made1104 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Are entrepreneurs born or made? Critically discuss. Introduction An entrepreneur is a person who sets up a business by taking on financial risks in hope to make a profit. The word entrepreneur stems from the French word entreprendrà © which means to undertake . A couple of examples are Lord Alan Sugar and Bill Gates. Lord Sugar is an entrepreneur worth  £800 million. He started by selling car aerials out of a van, he then set up his company, Amstrad which sold affordable hi-fi turntable coversRead MoreArguments For And Against Argument For A Small Business Is Too Risky Or Can Anyone Do It?1783 Words   |  8 Pagesthis essay is to critically discuss 2 debate topics using both opposing sides, for and against, in order to create an academic argument for each topic. Debate 1 will argue the points of â€Å"Starting a small business is too risky or can anyone do it?† will be supported with references of journals and articles. Debate 2 will analyse the for and against argument for the topic of â€Å"To fail to plan is to plan to fail: you must plan† where academic articles will be used to back up each point made to for each sideRead MoreEnterprenuer Notes6114 Words   |  25 Pagesonline advertising E) earning an affiliate fee for gift card purchases that originate from its site Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 3 Topic: Introduction to Entrepreneurship AACSB: Reflective Thinking Objective: Describe the role of entrepreneurs and small business 2) Which of the following was not a contributing factor to GiftZips early success? A) It was becoming increasingly affordable to launch an online business. B) positive PR C) angel investor funding D) People were becomingRead MoreFayol And Theories Of Management Essay1909 Words   |  8 Pagespractice of ‘management’ has been extensively researched over the past century but there has not been one definite principle or analysis which has managed give an unequivocal definition of what we call ‘management’. Henri Fayol, classical theorist born in Turkey, took a rational and also functional approach to management breaking down this idea of management into 5 main functions doing this in an extensive manner making it applicable and universal to all management positions. Fayol’s part in definingRead MoreThe Entrepreneurial Mind-18021 Words   |  73 Pagesprocess approaches to the study of entrepreneurship To set forth a comprehensive definition of entrepreneurship To examine the entrepreneurial revolution taking place today To illustrate today’s entrepreneurial environment Entrepreneurs—Breakthrough Innovators Entrepreneurs are individuals who recognize opportunities where others see chaos, contradiction, and confusion. They are aggressive catalysts for change within the marketplace. They have been compared to Olympic athletes challenging themselvesRead MoreManagement and Rolls Access Code14663 Words   |  59 Pagesimportant contributions made by Frederick W. Taylor and Frank and Lillian Gilbreth. †¢ Explain how today’s managers use scientific management. General Administrative Theory †¢ Discuss Fayol’s contributions to management theory. †¢ Describe Max Weber’s contribution to management theory. †¢ Explain how today’s managers use general administrative theories of management. Quantitative Approach †¢ Explain what the quantitative approach has contributed to the field of management. †¢ Discuss how today’s managersRead MoreThe Perils And Pitfalls Of Leading Change Tma012865 Words   |  12 Pagesthe Brazilian fashion industry during the 1990s. Overall revenues, number of stores, and same-store sales were soaring. It was a golden age for the company. The last two decades had been fantastic retail industry in Brazil. Economy was stable that made middle and poor classes increase their consumption and discretionary products and services. Prado the leader of Clothes and Accessories Company was not only known for being a great mentor and catalyst of personal development, but also on the fast trackRead MoreIgnou Eso-11 Free Solved Assignment 20124877 Words   |  20 Pageshttp://www.IGNOU4U.Blogspot.com Tutor Marked Assignment (TMA) Programme Code: BDP Course Code: ESO-11 Assignment Code: ESO-11/ AST/TMA/2011-2012 Section – I Answer the following in about 500 words each. 1. Describe the major concerns of Sociology and discuss its nature and scope. 20 Solution: Sociology concentrated heavily on society and its major units and their dynamics. It has been striving to analyse the dynamics of the society in terms of organised patterns of social relations. Firstly, the majorRead MoreEssay about Coaching and Mentor9220 Words   |  37 Pagesfocuss. In modern business Sir Terry Leahy is recognized with being with this attribute that has made Tesco the force it is today . In contrast Greg Dyke has been much critized by the press and others in light of the Gilligan –Kelly Incident. In Hodgson (2004) research into top leaders Journeys’ he identified similar traights which he refers to as (focus of attention). He also goes on to discuss spotting development potential, inspiration and energy .managing upwards and outwards. Though HodgsonRead MoreMysupermarket - Building a Business of Data Warehousing Foundations3373 Words   |  14 Pagescombination of data warehousing and good management that has enabled mySupermarket to become a successful venture. Introduction â€Å"On the 31st August 2006, entrepreneur Johnny Stern received a seven-figure sum from investors to transform the way consumers shop for their groceries. From this, the price comparison site mySupermarket.co.uk was born and the company has utilised data warehousing to give consumers access to cheaper grocery shopping. The venture has not been without its problems, however

Observation And Interpretation Of Therapeutic Communication

On the first encounter, a nurse has the duty to foster a healthy and trusting relationship with their client. As a caregiver, the nurse must be able to differentiate between various communication techniques and implement those that are most useful to facilitate the client’s specific needs. Every individual one way or another has had the chance to socially communicate with others, in which a conversation is usually unplanned and spontaneous. Social communication is casual and does not require an obligation to the other person. However, not everyone has been exposed to the therapeutic communication process where one places emphasis on a planned interaction with a particular purpose. As explained by Potter Perry (2013), therapeutic communication involves techniques that promote the wellbeing of an individual through meticulous observation and interpretation of cues. Once cues are deciphered, the nurse can initiate and respond to the client and cultivate a healing relationship. Social interaction between nurse and client during nursing care is shared and reflects on the feelings of both parties. It is not necessary to have a meaning when socializing, but this type of communication can serve as a way to be on the same level with your patient. Social communication allows the patient to feel as though you are not just there to repair their physical condition. Levine ( 2014) explains the ability of a nurse to ask questions reveals interest and produces feelings of acceptanceShow MoreRelatedThe Principles Of Effective Communication1647 Words   |  7 Pagesnurse must first provide therapeutic communication effective enough to elicit such a response in her patient. There are both verbal and non-verbal components within the nurse-patient relationship. These components greatly influence how a nurse and patient will relate to each other and, ultimately, greatly influence the care that the patient receives. Introduction When discussing the principles of effective communication, also known as therapeutic communication, the Massachusetts DepartmentRead MoreEssay on Communication in the Healthcare Industry712 Words   |  3 PagesCommunication plays a vital role in the healthcare setting, as the relationship with the healthcare professional sets the tone of the care experience and has a powerful impact on patient satisfaction. It is â€Å"the shared process in which messages are sent and received between two or more people which are made up of a sender, receiver, and message in a particular context† (cite, date). This essay highlights the importance of, and some common barriers to, effective communication in the healthcare settingRead MoreTherapeutic Communication. Therapeutic Communication Is1603 Words   |  7 PagesTHERAPEUTIC COMMUNICATION Therapeutic communication is a new approach to nursing care in which the work center is the patient, his narrative (what he says and how he says it), his experience of the disease. Therapeutic communication is a way for the nursing professional to see their role with the patient as a framework for knowing how to be in the helping relationship. It is more than communicating with the patient within the professional role of nursing, it is the basis of nursing. For any careRead MoreIdentify the stages of the Nursing Process and the skills essential to the Nursing Process1672 Words   |  7 Pagesand Evaluation. The skills: Communication, Observation, Critical Thinking and Reflection involved within the nursing process in partnership with the patient will also be highlighted. The first stage of the nursing process is assessment. This is a continuous process from hospital admission to discharge. It is about compiling objective and subjective information related to patients, through skills of communication, observation and clinical knowledge and interpretation for decision making (Baath 2011)Read MoreTherapeutic Techniques Of Psychiatric Nursing Essay792 Words   |  4 PagesTherapeutic techniques in psychiatric nursing Therapeutic techniques are a means of helping patients toward productive goals but are not goals in themselves. Many nurse-patient interactions do not use a complete nursing process in a single session, but they do always involve using therapeutic techniques. In the same manner that therapeutic communication guides the patient toward goals, certain messages and behaviors interfere with reaching these goals. Some behaviors occur frequently because of nervousRead MoreCommunication Is The Transmission Of The Message From A Sender1129 Words   |  5 PagesCommunication is the transmission of the message from a sender to a receiver in an understandable manner. The communication process is the guide toward realizing effective communication. It is through the communication process that the sharing of a common meaning between the sender and the receiver takes place. Individuals that follow the communication process will have the opportunity to become more productive in every aspect of their profession. Effective communication leads to understanding. TheRead MoreNursing Reflection Paper1150 Words   |  5 PagesI used ISBAR to communicate the need for DNR order to the physician and then proceeded with giving the pain medication while adhering to the 10 rights of medication administration.For evaluation, I went back to patient’s room to assess for the therapeutic effect of the medication and fulfilment of the outcomes identified in planning phase. I choose the nursing process as the crititcal thinking structure because it is the basis of all the activities performed in the scenario. The series and flow ofRead MoreIntroduction To Health Assessment Module No Essay1142 Words   |  5 Pagessubtopic The Interview Introduction Collecting subjective data is an integral part of nursing health assessment. Obtaining a valid nursing health history requires professional, interpersonal, and interviewing skills. The nursing interview is a communication process that has two focuses: establishing rapport and a trusting relationship with the client to elicit accurate and meaningful information and gathering information on the client’s developmental, psychological, physiologic, sociocultural, andRead MoreThe importance of Effective Communication in Health-Care1684 Words   |  7 Pagesprecipitating new ones. In addition to culturally appropriate education, interpreting is one of the approaches commonly used to help bridge the language gap for patients and practitioners. Interpreters are bilingual individuals that provide simultaneous interpretation between patients and medical care providers who do not share a common language (Finke, Light, Kitko, 2008). This finding suggests that a good relationship is ess ential for high-quality patient care. (Finke et al., 2008) use qualitative evidenceRead MoreHearing Concepts Of Group Dynamics Essay1733 Words   |  7 Pagesdecided to go to Greenleaf, and observe an adolescent depression group. This was most definitely a treatment group, because its main focus was looking at meeting the participant’s goals, which was to decrease depressive thoughts and behaviors. This therapeutic group worked as an inpatient facility, and I think this is different from most other treatment groups. It’s different, because it was dealing with adolescents struggling with depression, and had an indefinite stay at Greenleaf. There are many factors